The characterization of Ni- and Co-based catalysts for autothermal reforming process

A simple technique approach was used to characterize the structural and chemical properties of COO-NiO catalysts supported on 6-AI2O3, HZSM-5 and Mg0-Al203. The morphology of the catalysts was studied by X-Ray diffraction to determine the phase composition and the particle size of thc catalysts. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) reveals the formation of NiO and Co30.1 in dependence on temperature in case of catalysts supported on &A1201 and Mg0-A1203 at higher metal loading. The catalysts supported on HZSM-5 also show appearance of NiO. COO and C0~0.4, which could lead to deactivation of the catalysts via formation of coke on the catalyst surface. The formation of Ni0-Coo-Mg0 solid solution supported on MgO-A1203 exhibited stronger interaction between metal and support thus can make the catalysts more resistant to sintering and enhance the structure durability of catalyst in high temperature methane reforming process

An investigation of a catalytically-ignited autothermal reformer pre-heating system for hydrogen production in a fuel cell powered vehicle

Partial oxidation (POX), catalytic steam reforming (CSR) and autothermal reforming (ATR) are some of the main processes widely used to produce hydrogen. Autothermal Reformer also defines as a steam reforming reaction and a partial oxidation reaction that take place over microscopic distances at the same catalytic site thus avoiding complex heat exchanging. The steam reforming reaction absorbs part of the heat generated by the partial oxidation process reaction, limiting the maximum temperature in the reactor. For a catalytically ignited autothermal reformer system, catalysts need to be preheated to its light- off or catalytic ignition temperature before the reactions can be self-sustained. The objective of this research is to come out with the practical method for starting-up an autothermal reformer system in the shortest possible preheating time. A catalytic burner has been proposed to supply the required energy for pre- heating the autothermal reactor. This proposed catalytic burner will use available hydrogen and natural gas as fuel and platinum on the honeycomb monolith surface as catalyst. Platinum-type catalyst can readily reacts hydrogen with air under room temperature to produce heats that aid the catalyst to reach light off temperature. The energy from catalytic combustion will be used to preheat the autothermal reformer. Ceramic honeycomb monolith with platinum based washcoat will be used a burner system. The results will then be further verified using CFD-ACE code and as well as compared with that of conventional preheating methods such as electrical coil

Characterization of CoNi-Sn catalyst for autothermal reforming of methane

Hydrogen can be produced from natuml gas through autothermal reforming process (ATR). ATR is a combination of steam reforming and partial oxidation process. CoNiSn with different catalyst supports e.g. MgO and AI2O3 has been chose to be used on this autothermal refonning of methane (ATR). Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) have been done to study the bulk structure of the catalyst. From the TPR and XRD. the addition of tin into MgO-supported catalyst will become as anti coking agent as it will react with carbide, since it deposited at the outer laycr of the matrix CoO-Ni0-Mg0 solid solution phase

AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING OF OF METHANE TO HYDROGEN PRODUCTION OVER Ni/Al2O3, Co/Al2O3 AND NiO-Co/MgO

Autotherman reforming of methane to hydrogen gas was examined over Co/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3 and NiO CoO/MgO catalyst. Among the catalyst examined NiO-CoO/MgO catalysts with 24 % metal loading exhibits not only the highest catalyst and selectivity but also remarkable stability. In addition the catalysts ware characterized by nitrogen adsorption (NA) , TPR, and XRD. The catalyst charecteristics is strongly influenced by interaction between support and metal exist. The excellent performance of NiO-CO/MgO resulted from the formation of an ideal solution between NiO, CoO and MgO   Keywords : Autothermal reforming of methane, hydrogen productio

An alternative approach of leakage detection in Underground Storage Tank

Ageing of Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) have come with risks whereby failure due to loss of containment can potentially cause catastrophic damage to humans and environment. The failure due to the loss of containments such as fuel and gas may trigger a domino effect of fire. This study aims to introduce an alternative approach of risk assessment by adopting Risk Based Assessment (RBA), Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Area Location of Hazards Atmospheric (ALOHA) Loss of Containment (LOC) to assess the fitness of the underground storage tank for operational purposes and the possibility of the risk engulfing petrol station. The RBA is a process that involves in collecting all the primary and secondary data such as policy, technical and maintenance data. These data will be the input to the SHM. SHM is a process of using unique acoustic emission and guided wave gadget Long Range Ultra Thickness (LRUTG) in capturing the thickness of the wall of UST, type material, temperature, level of pressure of the material, stress and strain. Both data from RBA and SHM will be the input to the Area Location of Hazards Atmospheric (ALOHA) by adopting the consequences model such as Loss of Containment (LOC). This tool will simulate and predict the magnitude and severity effect of the fire risk to the on-set and off-set of the petrol station. The result of the combination and holistic of the above approach will provide a novel way of monitoring and supervising the underground storage tank's integrity and prediction of an early information of the fire risk at petrol station. This approach can be implement and replicate to other petrol stations

Cyberspace: The Warfare Domain

Abstract: Cyberspace is by itself a dimension that has own unique nature with characteristics that shape and affect global security environment as well as national security. The objective of this paper is to explore the nature of cyberspace as a warfare domain and assess its implications to national security. The unique nature of cyberspace as a warfare domain has different forms of impact on effect to the conduct of warfare and national security. The increasing use of advanced information systems and proliferation indicates that such development leads to cyberspace achieving a more direct implication and decisive effect to national security. Key words: Cyberspace Defence Domain ICT National security Virtual Warfar

Understanding perception of fire risk from petrol station's workers

This research is about the perception of fire risk and its function of petrol station. Fewer researched in understanding perception of risk in petrol fuel station among its workers. Any prolong of the issues might cause catastrophic in case of leakage, pollution and fire to gas explosion engulf with it. Therefore, a need of qualitative research to carry out to justify the perception of risk not just to the workers but also to give a general information of risk precautions to the people living vicinity of the petrol fuel station. However, Petrol Fuel Station (PFS) category as a hazardous workplace. All flammable substances such as petrol, diesel and CNG are stored either underground or above ground. It is a place where various mode of transportation fuelling and refuelling at every hours. Due to the existing of the flammable substance at PFS pose a potential hazard to the staff, public, property and environment. A simple mismanagement could cause catastrotophic. The issue of risk in petrol station always regards as important since the workplace has been category as non major hazard installation. Nevertheless, the consequences of disaster are very huge. Therefore, it is very crucial to investigate in conducting and questioning of the perception of risk towards petrol fuel station. The qualitative approach will consists of reviewing design drawings (documents), semi structure interview, observation at the premise and analysis to determine and acknowledge the perception of risk among the workers. The research results shows that there is indeed a needs to understand the perception of risk characteristic in order to improve a good practice of especially petrol fuel station in Malaysia. The findings are very precious in better understanding of risk, mitigation plan and formulate a new proposal to the government especially the authority regards to petrol fuel station. The further research should also focus on the risk emulate with the petrol station in future

The efficient role of aquatic plant (water hyacinth) in treating domestic wastewater in continuous system

In this study, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was used to treat domestic wastewater. Ten organic and inorganic parameters were monitored in three weeks for water purification. The six chemical, biological and physical parameters included Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and pH were compared with the Interim National Water Quality Standards, Malaysia River classification (INWQS) and Water Quality Index (WQI). Between 38% to 96% of reduction was observed and water quality has been improved from class III and IV to class II. Analyses for Electricity Conductivity (EC), Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Ammonium (NH4) were also investigated. In all parameters, removal efficiency was in range of 13–17th day (optimum 14th day) which was higher than 3 weeks except DO. It reveals the optimum growth rate of water hyacinth has great effect on waste water purification efficiency in continuous system and nutrient removal was successfully achieved