(E,E)-N,N′-Bis[4-(methyl­sulfon­yl)benzyl­idene]ethane-1,2-diamine

In the crystal structure of the title Schiff base compound, C18H20N2O4S2, the mol­ecule lies across a crystallographic inversion centre. The torsion angle of the N—C—C—N fragment is 180°, as the inversion centre bis­ects the central C—C bond. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.913 (2) Å

(E)-2-Methyl-N-[4-(methyl­sulfon­yl)benzyl­idene]aniline

Mol­ecules of the title compound, C15H15NO2S, display an E configuration with respect to the C=N double bond. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic ring planes is 50.41 (12)°

4-(Methyl­sulfon­yl)benzaldehyde

In the crystal of the title compound, C8H8O3S, the mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional array by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2-Amino-4-methyl­benzene­sulfonamide

In the crystal of the title compound, C7H10N2O2S, the mol­ecules are linked by two strong N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The C/S/N plane makes a dihedral angle of 69.7 (2)° with the aromatic ring plane

Effect of sevoflurane post-conditioning on apoptosis and the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in lung tissue of cardiopulmonary bypass dogs

Purpose: To investigate the effects of sevoflurane post-conditioning on the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in lung tissues of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) dogs. Methods: Twelve healthy hybrid mongrels were divided into control (C) and sevoflurane postconditioning (S) groups. All dogs were subjected to thoracotomy in order to establish CPB. Ischemiareperfusion was conducted in the left lung of both groups. Thereafter, sevoflurane post-conditioning was given to group S. Femoral artery blood specimens were obtained prior to CPB (T1), as the left pulmonary artery was opened (T2), and 2 h after CPB (T3), for blood gas analysis. Respiration index (RI), oxygenation index (OI), and dynamic lung compliance (Cd) were calculated. Results: When T1 was compared with T2 and T3, their OI and Cd were significantly decreased in both groups, while RI showed the opposite trend (p < 0.05). Values of OI and Cd at T3 in group S were increased significantly, relative to group C, while RI decreased (p < 0.05). There were less lung tissue inflammation and structural disorder at T3 in Group S than in group C. Protein expressions and positive integral of Bcl-2 and Bax, and apoptosis at T2 and T3 in dog lung tissues of both groups were higher than those at T1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Post-conditioning with sevoflurane is lung-protective in CPB dogs. The underlying mechanism may be based on the promotion of Bcl-2 expression and inhibition of Bax expression, thereby reducing apoptosis in dog lung tissue. Further investigations to determine its suitability for clinical applications in humans are, however, required. Keywords: Sevoflurane; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Bcl-2, Bax; Apoptosis; Pulmonary ischemiareperfusion injur

Orography-Induced Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization in the Global WRF: Implementation and Sensitivity to Shortwave Radiation Schemes

This paper describes the implementation of the orographic gravity wave drag (GWDO) processes induced by subgrid-scale orography in the global version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The sensitivity of the model simulated climatology to the representation of shortwave radiation and the addition of the GWDO processes is investigated using the Kim-Arakawa GWDO parameterization and the Goddard, RRTMG (Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs), and Dudhia shortwave radiation schemes. This sensitivity study is a part of efforts of selecting the physics package that can be useful in applying the WRF model to global and seasonal configuration. The climatology is relatively well simulated by the global WRF; the zonal mean zonal wind and temperature structures are reasonably represented with the Kim-Arakawa GWDO scheme using the Goddard and RRTMG shortwave schemes. It is found that the impact of the shortwave radiation scheme on the modeled atmosphere is pronounced in the upper atmospheric circulations above the tropopause mainly due to the ozone heating. The scheme that excludes the ozone process suffers from a distinct cold bias in the stratosphere. Moreover, given the improper thermodynamic environment conditions by the shortwave scheme, the role of the GWDO process is found to be limited

Self-Isolated Dual-Mode High-Pass Birdcage RF Coil for Proton and Sodium MR Imaging at 7 T MRI

This study presents the feasibility of a dual-mode high-pass birdcage RF coil to acquire MR images at both 1H and 23Na frequencies at ultra-high-field MR scanner, 7 T. A dual-mode circuit (DMC) in the dual-mode birdcage (DMBC) RF coil operates at two frequencies, addressing the limitations of sensitivity reduction and isolation between two frequencies as in traditional dual-tuned RF coil. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) based electromagnetic (EM) simulations were performed to verify the RF coil at each frequency on the three-dimensional human head model. The DMBC RF coil resonated at proton (1H) and sodium (23Na) frequencies, and also single-tuned high-pass birdcage RF coils were constructed for both 1H and 23Na frequencies. The bench test performance of the RF coils was evaluated using network analysis parameters, including the measurement of scattering parameters (S-parameters) and quality factors (Q-factors). Q-factor of the DMBC coil at 1H port was 10.2% lower than that of 1H single-tuned birdcage (STBC) coil, with a modest SNR reduction of 6.5%. Similarly, the Q-factor for the DMBC coil at 23Na port was 12.3% less than that of 23Na STBC coil, and the SNR showed a minimal reduction of 5.4%. Utilizing the DMBC coil, promising 1H and 23Na MR images were acquired compared to those by using STBC coils. In conclusion, deploying a DMBC 1H/23Na coil has been demonstrated to overcome traditional constraints associated with dual-tuned RF coils, achieving this with only nominal signal attenuation across both nuclei operational frequencies

Future Changes in Surface Runoff over Korea Projected by a Regional Climate Model under A1B Scenario

This study assesses future change of surface runoff due to climate change over Korea using a regional climate model (RCM), namely, the Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs), Regional Model Program (RMP). The RMP is forced by future climate scenario, namely, A1B of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). The RMP satisfactorily reproduces the observed seasonal mean and variation of surface runoff for the current climate simulation. The distribution of monsoonal precipitation-related runoff is adequately captured by the RMP. In the future (2040–2070) simulation, it is shown that the increasing trend of temperature has significant impacts on the intra-annual runoff variation. The variability of runoff is increased in summer; moreover, the strengthened possibility of extreme occurrence is detected in the future climate. This study indicates that future climate projection, including surface runoff and its variability over Korea, can be adequately addressed on the RMP testbed. Furthermore, this study reflects that global warming affects local hydrological cycle by changing major water budget components. This study adduces that the importance of runoff should not be overlooked in regional climate studies, and more elaborate presentation of fresh-water cycle is needed to close hydrological circulation in RCMs