Factors Influencing Logistics Management of 3 PL Service Companies to 4 PL in the recession of COVID-19

This research aims to explore 1. the fundamentals of a logistics service company with a lean concept with the transformation factor of 3PL and the development of logistics management from 3PL to 4PL, 2. the relationship between fundamental factors and transformation factors of 3PL, 3. the relationship between change factor and Development of Logistics Management from 3LP to 4P, 4. the fundamentals influencing the development of logistics management from 3PL to 4L, and 5. the transformational factors of 3PL influencing the development of logistics management 3PL to 4PL.with the lean concept of transition from eliminating extravagance and waste to value based on the clients concept: eliminating tasks resulting in balance and profit. The samples used in this research were Logistics service company in Bangkok and perimeter. This is a survey research. Questionnaires are tools for collecting data. Data analysis through percentage, mean, and standard deviation, Chi-square test statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. especially if supply chains were disrupted. COVID-19 also added to the uncertainty of the business operation

การศึกษาและป้องกันภาวะเป็นพิษจากโครเมียมเพื่อยืดอายุเซลล์เชื้อเพลิงแบบโซลิดออกไซด์Understanding and Combating Chromium Poisoning for the Long Life of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is a type of fuel cells – an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy to electrical energy with relatively high efficiency and low greenhouse gas release compared with the conventional combustion engine [1]–[3]. This is because the cell efficiency is not subjected to the Carnot limit like the heat engine, and in the case that the fuel used is hydrogen the cell can generate electricity and give water as a by-product. The cell is called “solid oxide” because the ceramic, or solid oxide, is used to make the electrolyte, while the cathode is also ceramic and the anode is typically a composite of ceramic and metal [2]. As a consequence, the cell has to operate at relatively high temperatures e.g. about 800°C [3] to raise the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte for the practical use. In addition, at the high temperature service, the SOFC durability then becomes of paramount importance. The recent research on the SOFC technology assessment [4] has reported that the most important barrier to reducing the SOFC system cost, given by a group of interviewed experts, is the cost of the stack which mainly relates to the costs of materials and machinery. Moreover, the most considerable barrier to reducing the stack degradation was reported to be the Cr poisoning problem at the cathode [4]. The Cr poisoning occurs when Cr-containing materials e.g. ferritic stainless steels are used as an interconnect – the component used to separate a cathode of one cell from an anode of the neighbouring cell. At high temperatures, Cr in stainless steel reacts with the oxidising gas giving the Cr-containing oxide on the steel surface. If the cathode atmosphere contains water vapour in addition to the oxygen, these two gaseous species can help accelerate the volatilisation of the Cr-containing oxide giving the Cr volatile species which can further contaminate, or poison, the cathode material resulting in the degradation of the cell performance [3]. At the KMUTNB high temperature corrosion research centre, we have tackled the problem of the Cr poisoning with our partners from King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Thailand, and the University of Grenoble-alpes, France. For the fundamental research, we constructed the experimental set-up to measure the Cr volatilisation from stainless steels oxidised at high temperatures especially in the atmosphere containing water vapour [5]. The effects of gas flow rate and different types of materials on the Cr-species volatilisation rate were investigated [5]–[7]. Furthermore, as a picture is worth a thousand words, we have proposed the graphical representation to visualise the mass flux of Cr loss from the Cr-containing alloys as a function of the water vapour content [8] based on the framework given by Young and Pint [9]. Apart from the basic work, the engineered surface treatment has been developed to combat the Cr poisoning by the pre-oxidation of stainless steel before the use at high temperature [7] or by the coating of Mn-Co spinel without and with the doping of some other elements [5], [8], [10]. The future research direction of the Cr poisoning effect is to adjust the coating parameters, without or with some beneficial doping elements in the coatings, in order to obtain the opitimised properties of the coated stainless steel interconnect i.e. the reduced Cr volatilisation and oxidation rates, the reduced area specific resistance, and the improved adherence of scale and the coating layer to steel substrate. Furthermore, many works evaluated the SOFC components at relatively short time periods while the expected lifetime of the SOFCs is up to about 40,000 h [3]. Thus the long-term exposure test should further been conducted. The translational research should also be emphasised to finally make the dream of production and distribution of the SOFC power generation system to our society come true

Reactivity and surface modification of stainless steels used as electric interconnectors in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Nous évaluons les aciers inoxydables ferritiques (AISI 441, AISI 444, et Crofer 22 APU) pour leur application comme éléments d'interconnexion électrique dans les SOFCs. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur la cinétique de croissance, la résistance surfacique de contact (ASR) et l'adhérence des couches d'oxyde thermique développées entre 700 et 900C. La nuance AISI 441 a été sélectionnée comme étant compétitive pour cette application mais il est nécessaire d'améliorer l'ASR de cette dernière. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'influence de diverses modifications de surface de cette nuance en utilisant un dépôt de Ti, de TiO2 ou TiN obtenu par un PVD magnétron. Comme envisagé, nous observons que la conductivité de l'oxyde est améliorée, sans que les autres propriétés ne soient trop dégradées. Considérant l'ensemble des résultats, AISI 441 avec un dépôt de TiN est considéré comme la solution optimisée pour l'utilisation de cette nuance comme matériau d'interconnexion électrique.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

CHAPTER 2 Mechanical Behaviour of Thermal Oxide Scales on Stainless Steels

International audienceThe mechanical behaviour and adhesion properties of thermal oxide scales are key issues for steel processing and long-term durability. This chapter aims at taking up the various aspects to be considered for such studies. The first part is devoted to a description of the origin of stress and stress quantification. Then, description of mechanical failure and damaging patterns of thermal oxide scales will be given. Finally, definitions of adhesion energy as well as quantitative methods to measure adhesion energy will be proposed. An appendix describing the hypotheses and the constitutive equations for plane stress analysis, which suits to oxide scales, is also given The purpose is enriched by references in particular to Alain Galerie’s co-workers’ publications

High Temperature Corrosion Behaviour of Aluminide-Coated Cast Iron for an Exhaust Manifold Application

To reduce the pollution emission from vehicles, an improvement on the combustion process is expected, leading to increased exhaust gas temperature. As a result, the development of new materials for an exhaust manifold used at higher temperatures is required. A cost-effective cast iron exhaust manifold treated by aluminising pack cementation was developed in the present work to combat the high temperature corrosion. Its kinetics under cyclic oxidation in N2–12%O2–10%H2O at 850 °C was parabolic with the rate constant (kp) of 5.66 × 10−12 g2 cm–4 s–1, about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the bare cast iron, which indicated the protectiveness of the applied coating. These results relate to the protective alumina formation for the aluminised cast iron and the formation of the less protective iron oxides for the bare cast iron after oxidation, as evidenced by the XRD and Raman spectroscopy results. The addition of 10% water vapour to N2–12%O2 thickened the aluminide layer from 344 μm for the sample oxidised in dry atmosphere to 409 μm for the sample oxidised humidified one. It accelerated the oxidation rate of the aluminised cast iron as the kp value increased by 8.5 times, and also increased the hardness of the aluminised surface, as it was 364 HV for the sample exposed to dry atmosphere and 420 HV for the sample exposed to humidified one. The latter result implied the possibility of the hydrogen dissolution into the metal surface. The roles of hydroxyl ion and dissolved hydrogen on the oxidation and evolution of the aluminide layer after exposure to water vapour were proposed

Corrosion Behavior of Multiphase Bainitic Rail Steels

Pearlitic steel experiences excessive corrosion in a hot and humid atmosphere. The multiphase bainitic/martensitic structure was developed for a better combination of strength and ductility, especially rolling contact fatigue, but little attention to corrosion has been investigated. Corrosion behaviors of multiphase steels obtained from bainitic-austempering (BAT) and bainitic-quenching and -partitioning (BQ&P) processes were investigated via immersion and electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The corroded surface and rust after immersion and electrochemical tests were analyzed via electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and x-ray diffraction. The multiphase bainite + martensite/retained austenite island showed higher corrosion resistance than that of the pearlitic one. The acicular bainite obtained from the BQ&P process showed slightly higher corrosion resistance than the granular bainite + martensite structure obtained from the BAT process

Possibility of metallic cobalt formation in the oxide scale during high-temperature oxidation of Co-27Cr-6Mo alloy in air

Co-based alloys are known to be high oxidation-resistant material and used in several high temperature applications. During high temperature oxidation, duplex oxides containing Co and Cr were formed. It was thermodynamically elucidated that when the growing scale was thick enough, the partial pressure of O2 in the scale dropped. Then, the reduction of CoO occurred for promoting O2 which was responsible for Cr2O3 production. This work experimentally proved this point by in situ characterising Co-27Cr-6Mo at high temperatures in air by X-ray diffractometer in a grazing incident mode and metallic Co was confirmed to be formed by the reduction of CoO consistent with the image taken and analysed by field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray, and electron backscatter diffraction. Furthermore, the change in lattice parameter and the phase transition were observed when the temperature was altered