Évaluation de l’activité antifongique et de la phytotoxicité de Isoberlinia doka craib & staff

This study has been designed to contribute to search alternative solutions based on plant extracts against phytopatogenic fungi. It aims to test the efficacy of ethanolic extract (70%) of Isoberlinia doka trunk bark on the mycelial growth of eight phytopagenic fungi species and on maize and cowpea seedlings germination and growth. The results showed that the ethanolic extract inhibits mycelial growth. This extract has showed an interesting efficiency on three fungi such as Colletotrichum dematium, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium verticilloides. Among these fungi, Curvularia lunata was the most sensitive with a rate of inhibition of mycelial growth of 52.35% after four days incubation at 10 mg / ml. After seven days incubation, the extract was more effective in reducing Fusarium verticilloides mycelial growth with 50,70% inhibition rate at the same concentration. After the phytotoxicity tests, it was found that this extract had no phytotoxic effect on the germination and growth of maize seedlings while it reduced significantly seed germination and cowpea seedling growth. The ethanolic extract of I. doka bark has antifungal properties and did not inhibited maize growth parameters. It could be used in maize seed treatment. Investigations could also be made into the herbicidal properties of some invasive legumes close to cowpea

Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and glucose adsorption capacity of the aqueous decoctate of Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene

Diabetes management involves preventing its risk factors. Inhibition of glucosidases and adsorption of excess free glucose are approaches to the prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, glucose adsorption capacity, and α-amylase inhibitory activity in vitro of the aqueous extract of Chamaecrista nigricans. Determination of phenolic compounds content was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the aluminum chloride method was used for total flavonoids one. The glucose oxidase peroxidase kit was used to determine the adsorption capacity of glucose while the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method was used to assess the inhibitory activity against α-amylase. Levels ranging from 33.87 ± 2.48 mg GAE/100 mg dry extract (DE) for total phenolic compounds and 1.98 ± 0.51 mg QE/100 mg DE for total flavonoids were observed. The adsorption capacity was correlated with the glucose concentration of the solution (r = 0.95) and was up to 36.61 μmol/g DE for a glucose concentration of 30 mM. The extract from the November collection was most active against α-amylase with IC50 = 0.17 mg DE/mL. Observations confirm the traditional use of this species as a preventive measure in recipes for the treatment of diabetes. This data provides a basis for future pharmaceutical prospecting

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Healthcare system's preparedness to provide cardiovascular and diabetes-specific care in the context of geopolitical crises in Burkina Faso: a trend analysis from 2012 to 2018.

This study aimed to evaluate the trends of the availability and readiness of the healthcare system to provide cardiometabolic (cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes) services in Burkina Faso in multiple political and insecurity crises context.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Low Prevalence Rate of Indeterminate Serological Human Immunodeficiency Virus Results among Pregnant Women from Burkina Faso, West Africa▿

Rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests have been adopted into national guidelines for HIV testing in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. One goal of HIV rapid testing is to minimize the occurrence of indeterminate results. From January 2005 to December 2007, plasma (or serum) samples from pregnant women in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso, West Africa) were screened for HIV by using two rapid tests (the Determine HIV1/2 test [Abbott] and Genie II HIV-1/HIV-2 [Bio-Rad]) through a sequential algorithm prior to enrollment of HIV-1-infected women in a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) trial (WHO/ANRS 1289 Kesho Bora trial). Samples exhibiting indeterminate results (Determine positive and Genie II negative) were further tested with a fourth-generation HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Murex HIV Ag/Ab combination in 2005 and 2006 and Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II Ag/Ab in 2007). If positive, they were finally assessed for HIV-1 RNA (Generic HIV-1 RNA viral load assay; Biocentric). From a total of 44,653 samples tested, 597 (1.3%) showed indeterminate results. Of these, 367 could be analyzed by EIA. Only 15 (15/367, 4.1%) samples were found EIA reactive. Of these, 11 could be tested for HIV-1 RNA. All were HIV-1 RNA negative. In our clinical practice, pregnant women with such indeterminate results are now reassured during posttest counseling that they are very unlikely to be infected with HIV-1. As a consequence, such women with indeterminate results can reliably be considered negative when urgent clinical decisions (such as providing PMTCT prophylaxis) need to be taken

Association of respiratory tract infection symptoms and air humidity with meningococcal carriage in Burkina Faso

International audienc

Maternal HIV-1 disease progression 18-24 months postdelivery according to antiretroviral prophylaxis regimen (triple-antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding vs zidovudine/single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis): the Kesho Bora randomized controlled trial

Background. Antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis effectively reduces mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). However, it is unclear whether stopping ARVs after breastfeeding cessation affects maternal HIV disease progression. We assessed 18-24-month postpartum disease progression risk among women in a randomized trial assessing efficacy and safety of prophylactic maternal ARVs. Methods. From 2005 to 2008, HIV-infected pregnant women with CD4(+) counts of 200-500/mm(3) were randomized to receive either triple ARV (zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir during pregnancy and breastfeeding) or AZT/sdNVP (zidovudine until delivery with single-dose nevirapine without postpartum prophylaxis). Maternal disease progression was defined as the combined endpoint of death, World Health Organization clinical stage 4 disease, or CD4(+) counts of <200/mm(3). Results. Among 824 randomized women, 789 had at least 1 study visit after cessation of ARV prophylaxis. Following delivery, progression risk up to 24 months postpartum in the triple ARV arm was significantly lower than in the AZT/sdNVP arm (15.7% vs 28.3%; P = .001), but the risks of progression after cessation of ARV prophylaxis (rather than after delivery) were not different (15.0% vs 13.8% 18 months after ARV cessation). Among women with CD4(+) counts of 200-349/mm(3) at enrollment, 24.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.7-35.5) progressed with triple ARV, and 23.0% (95% CI, 17.8-29.5) progressed with AZT/sdNVP, whereas few women in either arm (= 350/mm(3) progressed. Conclusions. Interrupting prolonged triple ARV prophylaxis had no effect on HIV progression following cessation (compared with AZT/sdNVP). However, women on triple ARV prophylaxis had lower progression risk during the time on triple ARV. Given the high rate of progression among women with CD4(+) cells of <350/mm(3), ARVs should not be discontinued in this group