Experimental Tests of Discrete Strengthened Elements of Machine-Building Structures

Computer simulation and bench tests of components and full-scale structures of internal combustion engine are performed in order to evaluate discrete and continual strengthening technology. The contact pressure distributions, friction coefficients, wear, roughness and hardness of the contacting surfaces of the tested machine parts were determined. The numerical characteristics that determine the effectiveness of such combined strengthening method are established. Conceptual fundamentals of discrete continual strengthening have been developed. Positive effects in the “load – contact – friction – wear” chain were found due to the proposed strengthening method. The positive effect of the coordination of micro and macroscale processes and states of loaded parts, which are strengthened by the discrete and continuous method, is also established. It is confirmed that the entire set of tribo-mechanical characteristics is improved with such strengthening, in contrast to traditional methods, an application of which results in improvement in some characteristics at the cost of the others

Sol–gel derived Ba/SrTiO3–MgF2 solar control coating stack on glass for architectural and automobile applications

Fully dielectric solar control coatings based on alternating layers of Ba (or Sr) TiO3 and MgF2 were deposited on soda lime glass substrates. Three-layered stacks BaTiO3/MgF2/BaTiO3 and SrTiO3/MgF2/SrTiO3 were generated using BaTiO3, SrTiO3 and MgF2 sols deposited on glass using dip coating technique. The multi-layered coating stack was fired at 450oC with different heating rates using a conventional muffle furnace and a conveyorized belt furnace, by which two methods of heat treatment were investigated. Heat treatment after deposition of each layer and a consolidated firing of the three-layered stack with intermediate drying between the layers were carried out and optical properties of the coatings compared. The heat treated coatings were characterized for their UV–Vis–NIR transmittance, microstructure, phase purity, thickness and refractive indices. The coating stack based on BaTiO3 as the high refractive index material in conjunction with MgF2 exhibited better solar control properties than SrTiO3 as the high refractive index material. Moreover, a fast firing of the BaTiO3/MgF2/BaTiO3 stack in a conveyorized belt furnace yielded good NIR blocking and solar control properties, whereas slow firing in a muffle furnace exhibited ~ 80% visible light transmittance with an NIR transmittance of ~ 75%

Optical properties of multilayer BaTiO3/SiO2 film structures formed by the sol–gel method

Multi-layer film structures BaTiO3/SiO2 with a thickness of ~1 μm containing up to 14 pairs of layers were synthesized by the sol–gel method with sequential heat treatment. It is shown that the synthesized structures are X-ray amorphous. The formation of bands in the transmission and reflection spectra caused by interference effects is demonstrated. A more regular structure exhibits a photon band gap (opacity band) in the visible range with main minimum at 636 nm and corresponding maximum in the reflection spectra. Dispersion characteristics of barium titanate films with different concentrations of initial sols were studied and an increase in the refractive index with an increase in the concentration of sol was demonstrated. For a sol with a concentration of 60 mg/ml, the refractive index in the spectral range of 390–1600 nm is 1.88–1.81. The prospects of sol–gel technology for the formation of BaTiO3/SiO2 structures for nanophotonics and solar radiation converters are discussed

Оптические свойства многослойных пленочных структур BaTiO3/SiO2,сформированных золь–гель-методом

Золь–гель-методом с последовательной термообработкой синтезированы многослойные пленочные структуры BaTiO3/SiO2 толщиной _ 1 μm, содержащие до 14 пар слоев. Показано, что синтезированные структуры являются рентгеноаморфными. Продемонстрировано формирование в спектрах пропускания и отражения полос, обусловленных интерференционными эффектами. Для более регулярной структуры показано наличие фотонной запрещенной зоны (полосы непрозрачности) в видимом диапазоне с основным минимумом 636 nm с соответствием экстремумов в спектрах пропускания и отражения. Исследованы дисперсионные характеристики пленок титаната бария, различающихся концентрацией исходных золей и продемонстрировано увеличение показателя преломления с увеличением концентрации золя. Для золя с концентрацией 60mg/ml значение показателя преломления составляет 1.88−1.81 в спектральном диапазоне 390−1600 nm. Обсуждаются перспективы золь–гель-технологии формирования структур BaTiO3/SiO2 для нанофотоники и конверторов солнечного излучения

Upconversion emission from erbium doped sol-gel derived ВаТiOз powders and coatings

Upconversion is a process where light can be emitted with photon energies higher than those of the light generating the excitation (www.rp-photonics.com/upconversion). Diverse inorganic matrices doped with trivalent lanthanides - erbium and holmium exhibit upconversion, transferring infrared light into visible. Thus the effect attracts attention for detection and visualization of infrared radiation. Recently we reported that sol-gel derived barium titanate possessing refractive index about 1.9 in amorphous state can be used as component of optical interference filter in combination with low refractive index films as silica or magnesium fluoride. At the same time room-temperature luminescence of lanthanides in sol-gel derived barium titanate makes the material and method promising for light conversion. In this work we investigate erbium upconversion emission from sol-gel derived BaTiO3 films and powders

ЗОЛЬ-ГЕЛЬ СИНТЕЗ И ПРОПУСКАНИЕ МНОГОСЛОЙНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ BaTiO3/SiO2

SOL-GEL METHOD, BARIUM TITANATE, FILTER.В работе изложены результаты формирования золь-гель методом многослойных покрытий, отличающихся показателем преломления BaTiO3/SiO2, на кварцевых и кремниевых подложках. Показано, что многослойные покрытия после термообработки при температуре 450 ºС формируют полосу непрозрачности на спектре пропускания с минимумом 693 нм для 14 пар слоев BaTiO3/SiO2, уменьшая пропускание до 35 %, при этом пропускание в ИК-диапазоне 1000-2000 нм ослабляется до 70-75 %. Пленки являются рентгеноаморфными после термообработки при температурах 450 и 600 ºС. Обсуждается перспектива применения разрабатываемых фильтров для оптики и нанофотоники

Management of statin intolerance

Statins are the revolutionary drugs in the cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. But they also possess several adverse effects like myopathy with elevation of hepatic transaminases (>3 times the upper limit of normal) or creatine kinase (>10 times the upper limit of normal) and some rare side-effects, including peripheral neuropathy, memory loss, sleep disturbances, and erectile dysfunction. Due to these adverse effects, patients abruptly withdrew statins without consulting physicians. This abrupt discontinuation of statins is termed as statin intolerance. Statin-induced myopathy constitutes two third of all side-effects from statins and is the primary reason for statin intolerance. Though statin intolerance has considerably impacted cardiovascular outcomes in the high-risk patients, it has been well effectively managed by prescribing statins either as alternate-day or once weekly dosage regimen, as combination therapy with a non-statin therapy or and by dietary intervention. The present article reviews the causes, clinical implications of statin withdrawal and management of statin intolerance

Evaluation of self-healing properties of inhibitor loaded nanoclay-based anticorrosive coatings on magnesium alloy AZ91D

This study emphasizes on the evaluation and comparison of the anticorrosive properties of sol–gel coatings with and without inhibitor loaded nanocontainers. In this case, naturally available clay nanotubes (halloysite) were loaded with cationic corrosion inhibitors Ce3+/Zr4+. These nanocontainers were dispersed in hybrid organic–inorganic sol–gel matrix sol. Coating was applied on magnesium alloy AZ91D using the sols containing modified and unmodified nanocontainers employing the dip coating method and cured at 130 °C for 1 h in air. Corrosion resistance of coated/uncoated substrates were analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss measurements after exposure to 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for varying time durations between 24 h to 120 h. Self-healing ability of coatings was evaluated by micro-Raman spectroscopy after 120 h exposure to 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Coatings generated after dispersion of corrosion inhibitor loaded clay in hybrid sol–gel matrix have shown more promising corrosion resistance when compared to just the sol–gel matrix coatings, after prolonged exposure to corrosive environment. Keywords: Self-healing coating, Halloysite nanoclay, Cationic corrosion inhibitors, Magnesium alloy AZ91D, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Corrosion protectio