An effective formalism for testing extensions to General Relativity with gravitational waves

The recent direct observation of gravitational waves (GW) from merging black holes opens up the possibility of exploring the theory of gravity in the strong regime at an unprecedented level. It is therefore interesting to explore which extensions to General Relativity (GR) could be detected. We construct an Effective Field Theory (EFT) satisfying the following requirements. It is testable with GW observations; it is consistent with other experiments, including short distance tests of GR; it agrees with widely accepted principles of physics, such as locality, causality and unitarity; and it does not involve new light degrees of freedom. The most general theory satisfying these requirements corresponds to adding to the GR Lagrangian operators constructed out of powers of the Riemann tensor, suppressed by a scale comparable to the curvature of the observed merging binaries. The presence of these operators modifies the gravitational potential between the compact objects, as well as their effective mass and current quadrupoles, ultimately correcting the waveform of the emitted GW.Comment: v1: 43+16 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables; v2: minor corrections; v3: minor corrections, JHEP published versio

The Demise of Sesotho Language in the Democratic South Africa and its Impact on the Socio-cultural Development of the Speakers

Published ArticleThe Constitution of South Africa provides for eleven official languages, and all of them have equal status, but Afrikaans and English are unfairly privileged over Black languages. This state of affairs has therefore resulted in the possible death of Black languages. The aim of this paper is therefore; to examine factors that have led to possible demise of Black languages in the new democratic South Africa, and emphasis is placed on the Sesotho language spoken in the Free State and Southern Gauteng provinces. It has been observed that the speed at which Sesotho is dying out is currently having negative consequences in the lives of the speakers, as they struggle to organize their world around them. Further, the Sesotho language has been extremely stigmatized to the extent that the speakers between the ages of 15 – 30 cannot speak and write the language properly. It is for these reasons that the researcher examined factors that contributed to this state of affairs in the post-Apartheid South Africa

A Review of Leak Detection Systems for Natural Gas Pipelines and Facilities

Pipelines facilities, used for the transportation of natural gas in large quantities to homes and industries, remain the best economic, most reliable and safest mode of transport of energy. Despite these numerous advantages, gas pipelines have been enmeshed in various accidents and thefts, nonetheless this could be reduced if properly maintained and pipelines can last indefinitely without leaks. Pipelines are susceptible to leakages and rupture accidents as a result of age, corrosion, material defects, operational errors or other reasons. Pipeline failures may be caused intentionally (e.g. vandalism) or unintentionally (e.g. device/material failure and corrosion), which may result into irreversible damages such as financial losses, human casualties, ecological disaster and extreme environmental pollution. Leakages in natural gas facilities and installations require three vital aspects, namely: Gas Leakage Prevention, Gas Leakage Detection and Gas Leakage Mitigation. Many Gas Leak Detection methods are used for pipeline integrity management and especially for minimizing gas leakage. The performance of these methods depends on the approaches, operational conditions and pipeline networks. Also, there are some essential requirements and guidelines which must be met before we can consider any leak detection system suitable for production solutions, including sensitivity, reliability, accuracy and robustness. The attempt of this study is to carry out a critical review of these models, to ascertain the best model(s) applicable to natural gas leak detection. Keywords: Gas Leak Detection System, Leak Location, Leak Size DOI: 10.7176/JETP/13-2-02 Publication date: April 30th 202

The Impact of Inflation on the Standard of Living: A Case Study of Navrongo in the Upper East Region of Ghana

The inflation rate of Ghana still remains high in absolute terms and by comparison with many other countries in the sub-region and the world in general. Inflation is simply the general increase in the level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level grows; each unit of our currency buys less goods or services hence, the need for all to know the exact nature of the relationship that exists between inflation and living standards of people. This paper dealt with the effects of inflation on standard of living in terms of expenses on food and non-food items, income, savings, loan and recreation over the period (2010-2013). A sample of 100 heads of families was taken from Navrongo community in Ghana using stratified sampling. Structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used as tools for collecting data. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression model. From analysis of the data, inflation did highly affect the living standard of the people, compelling them to get loans and to do overtime work to meet their family expenditures. It was also revealed that the standard of living of the people worsen form year to year with 2013 been the lowest due to the high inflation. Keywords: Inflation, Standard of living, Income, savings, Expenses, Navrongo, Ghan

Sensory characteristics and sterilization value of unpeeled whole tomato in juice

Makanjuola Solomon Akinremi1, Akanbi Charles Taiwo1, Enujiugha Victor Ndigwe2(1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; 2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria) Abstract: The sensory quality of unpeeled whole tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Roma VF) packed in tomato juice with or without calcium chloride (CaCl2) was investigated.  Thermal process lethality for unpeeled whole tomato in CaCl2 juice was also determined.  Hermetically packaged tomatoes in tomato juice containing CaCl2 were preferred (P < 0.05) in terms of aroma and appearance.  Results revealed that D-value of Bacillus coagulans at 100℃ in jars of whole tomato in juice was 2.8 min and a lethal treatment equivalent to IS11.5100 = 12.7 min was safe from a spoilage standpoint for the unpeeled whole tomatoes in CaCl2 tomato juice (with a pH of 4.1 or less) in the ratio of 7:9.  Converted to experimental times, this lethality was achieved with a 22 minutes thermal processing in steam at 100℃ for a 370 mL jar used in this investigation.Keywords: unpeeled whole tomato, sensory quality, calcium chloride, thermal process lethality, integrated sterilization value Citation: Makanjuola Solomon Akinremi,  Akanbi Charles Taiwo, Enujiugha Victor Ndigwe.  Sensory characteristics and sterilization value of unpeeled whole tomato in juice.  Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2010, 12(2): 117-123. &nbsp

Colour and Fatty Acids Analysis of Fermented and Canned African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) Seeds

The variations in the colour and fatty acid profiles as influenced by the processing steps and changes in canning media during thermal processing of fermented African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) seeds were investigated. The seed cotyledons were prepared as slices and fermented at 30oC for 72 h. The fermented product was then filled into cans containing the selected media and processed using conventional canning procedures. Cooking and canning steps slightly darkened the light brown colour of the cotyledons. However, overall, thermal processing did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the colour profile of the fermented seed product ‘ugba’ as shown from a*/b* ratios, hue and chroma values. Although fermentation significantly (p > 0.05) affected the composition and concentrations of fatty acids in the seed oil, the effect of canning of the fermented seed product in three different media (tomato sauce, refined groundnut oil and brine solution) on the fatty acid profiles of the seed oil was not significant (p > 0.05). Linoleic acid, which was the major fatty acid in the raw seed oil (67.20 wt.-% of total fatty acids), increased significantly during fermentation, but further thermal processing in lacquered cans did not affect the fatty acids profile. Keywords: Oil bean seed; fermented product; thermal processing; colour; fatty acid

Etiologic diagnosis of pleural effusion by punch biopsy of the parietal pleura

Needle biopsy of the pleura using Harefield pleural biopsy punch, has been performed in 100 subjects, 58 of whom were 40 years of age or over, in order to arrive at a histologic diagnosis. Ancillary investigations such as bronchoscopy and lymph node biopsy have been done where necessary and feasible. In 18 of the 58 in the older age group and in 15 of the 42 in the younger age group, the biopsy showed lesions suggestive of tuberculous infection; 13 in the older age group and two in the other showed evidence of malignancy; 23 in the older and 21 in the younger group showed nonspecific changes. Vegetative forms of Entamoeba histolytica were demonstrated in the biopsy material in one case. Biopsy, performed on one occasion only was a failure in five cases. No untoward effects were noticed as a consequence of the procedure

Bioavailability of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Renewable Resources

Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the world’s largest class of carcinogens known to date, not only because of their ability to cause gene mutation and cancer, but due to their persistency in the environment. They are particularly recalcitrant due to their molecular weight, hydrophobic nature and thus, accumulate in various matrices in the environment