Frozen reaction fronts in steady flows: a burning-invariant-manifold perspective

The dynamics of fronts, such as chemical reaction fronts, propagating in two-dimensional fluid flows can be remarkably rich and varied. For time-invariant flows, the front dynamics may simplify, settling in to a steady state in which the reacted domain is static, and the front appears "frozen". Our central result is that these frozen fronts in the two-dimensional fluid are composed of segments of burning invariant manifolds---invariant manifolds of front-element dynamics in $xy\theta$-space, where $\theta$ is the front orientation. Burning invariant manifolds (BIMs) have been identified previously as important local barriers to front propagation in fluid flows. The relevance of BIMs for frozen fronts rests in their ability, under appropriate conditions, to form global barriers, separating reacted domains from nonreacted domains for all time. The second main result of this paper is an understanding of bifurcations that lead from a nonfrozen state to a frozen state, as well as bifurcations that change the topological structure of the frozen front. Though the primary results of this study apply to general fluid flows, our analysis focuses on a chain of vortices in a channel flow with an imposed wind. For this system, we present both experimental and numerical studies that support the theoretical analysis developed here.Comment: 21 pages, 30 figure

Engaging for-profit providers in TB control: lessons learnt from initiatives in South Asia.

There has been a huge expansion in the private health-care sector over the past two decades, particularly in South Asia, resulting in over 80% of patients seeking care from private health providers. Despite concerns about the quality and equity of private sector service provision, most government public health bodies recognize that the private sector reaches individuals that public institutions cannot cater to, thereby being important in moving closer to universal health coverage. Numerous initiatives have been launched and are being planned to involve private practitioners in effectively diagnosing, reporting and managing infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. However, there is a notable dearth of papers discussing which elements of private sector engagement strategies are more or less successful and the ethical issues that arise when engagement strategies are operationalized. This article brings together the authors' experiences of working on projects to engage private allopathic health providers in Pakistan, Bangladesh and India for improved tuberculosis control. Motivations of and strategies required to engage private allopathic heath providers, specifically doctors, diagnostic laboratories and pharmacies, and some of the ethical issues that arise when designing programmes for engagement are discussed

The road to empowerment : facilitating the participation of parents of children with special needs in Malaysia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University

This study involves the design, development and evaluation of a parent training curriculum for parents of children with special needs in Malaysia. The objective of this programme was to empower parents through meaningful participation in the process of content identification, implementation and evaluation of the entire programme. The study was conducted at Bethany Home, a centre fcr children and adults with special needs, situated in a rural town of West Malaysia with an estimated population of 40,000 people mostly of a lower socio economic status. The study was prompted by a need for active parent participation. The researcher is a former director of the centre. The analysis of the data suggests that information sharing through participation is the road to empowerment for parents of children with special needs in a rural setting. As a result of the programme, teacher- parent interaction has improved and the setting up of a network for parents is imminent

Liberation in Southern Africa: Comparing Democratic Consolidation in South Africa and Zimbabwe

The research question that this thesis seeks to answer is: in what ways do liberation movements impact a nation’s experience with democratic consolidation after conflict ends? When the rebel organization is relatively weaker than the state, the state can control their actions. The liberation movement will not be able to manipulate the state, but will be able to impose costs on status quo maintenance. This will then lead the two parties to form a democratic pact and negotiate, resulting in the organization’s increased preference for democratic methods in the future. However, when the liberation movement and the state have relatively equal strength, the organization will be able to impose its will on the state and drastically increase the costs the government incurs to maintain the status quo. This will then lead the state to quickly end the conflict through negotiations where the liberation movement will be able to manipulate the government into conceding to their terms. The fact that the organization achieved its outcome goals through the use of violence will cement those methods once the organization becomes an institutionalized political party. This theory is tested using a comparative case study of the wars for liberation in South Africa and Zimbabwe. In the case of the ANC in South Africa, the liberation movement was largely controlled by the state, but the organization was still able to impose costs for status quo maintenance. This then resulted in the government’s desire to end the conflict while still in a position of authority. This necessitated the ANC to utilize diplomatic and democratic methods to achieve power. In the war for liberation in Zimbabwe, ZANU/ZAPU forces were able to affect the stability of the nation that resulted in the government’s decision to concede to the terms of the group. This allowed the organization to become an institutionalized political party that consolidated authority once in power

The benefits trickled up: The political geography of water provision in Paris, Ontario, 1882-1924

The social and political factors which affected nineteenth-century waterworks development have been relatively well researched in the United States. The few Canadian studies have found inequities in the systems of water provision. Using Paris, Ontario as a case study, an attempt is made to fill this research gap in Canada. The research centres on the identification of the social classes which paid for the Paris waterworks and which received the benefits. The spatial distribution of these social classes is determined and then compared to the spatial pattern of waterworks development. A similar comparison is done between the functional zonation of the town and the spatial pattern of waterworks in order to test an hypothesized emphasis on the needs of the owners of the means of production. The correlations found are explained in the course of an examination of nineteenth-century laws concerning council membership and municipal voting. The legislative bias in favour of the owners of capital is anticipated by both Marxism and critical theory. The primary data source used were the local newspapers of the day, which in many instances propagated much of the prodevelopment misinformation. In addition to the analysis of events which occurred after the completion of the waterworks system, there is a detailed examination of the statements and actions of the proponents and opponents of the system before the undertaking was authorized by council and by the electors. The proponents are prominent industrialists and merchants whose coordinated development efforts are generally well-received by municipal politicians and newspaper editors. Support is thus found for Habermas\u27 theories concerning the legitimizing role ol the state, and the systematic distortion of communication which is characteristic of capitalism

Florida\u27s Cattle-Ranching Frontier: Manatee and Brevard Counties (1860)

In 1860, the eve of the Civil War, the southern edge of settlement, which delimited the “settled” areas with more than two persons per square mile from the “frontier” areas with fewer than two inhabitants per square mile, stood in central Florida. With the exception of a settled area along eastern Tampa Bay, the southern half of the Florida peninsula was a true frontier. South Florida, in fact, was the largest remaining frontier east of the Mississippi River