The Images Of Stiva Oblonsky And Konstantin Levin In “Anna Karenina” By Leo Tolstoy: Intuitive Perception Of Life

The problem of comprehension of the essential in human "I" is discussed in the article as a phenomenon of the writer's psychology on the example of two images of the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina" – Stiva Oblonsky and Konstantin Levin. Intuitive feeling of living as the expression of the essential combines two images taken by us, the mouthpieces of the two views on life in general, and on family in particular. Stiva Oblonsky and Konstantin Levin in the writer's conception of the philosophy of life by L. Tolstoy are the carriers of two forms of national family life. The characteristic of essential in the human "I" of Stiva Oblonsky and Konstantin Levin provides the capability to detect semantic references in the texts of L. Tolstoy and the German philosopher of the 20th century M. Heidegger, as both thinker understand the contents of the human "I" as a universal component of personality, which is the main criterion in the evaluation of a person, his thoughts and actions. Inter-textual analysis of "Anna Karenina” by L. Tolstoy and of the separate artistic and philosophical works of Heidegger has shown that the philosophy of life of Konstantin Levin, written by L. Tolstoy, resonantly echoes with the philosophy of "the pathway" of the German philosopher M. Heidegger

Photographers' Nomenclature Units: A Structural and Quantitative Analysis

Addressing the needs of cross and intercultural communication as well as the methodology of contrastive research, the paper presents the results of the complex analysis conducted to describe semantic and pragmatic parameters of nomenclature units denoting photography equipment in the modern Russian informal discourse of professional photographers. The research is exemplified by 34 original nomenclature units and their 34 Russian equivalents used in 6871 comments posted at "Клуб.Foto.ru" web-site in 2015. The structural and quantitative analyses of photographers' nomenclature demonstrate the users' morphological and graphic preferences and indirectly reflect their social and professional values. The corpus-based approach developed by Kast-Aigner (2009: 141) was applied in the study with the aim to identify the nomenclature units denoting photography equipment, validate and elaborate the data of the existing corpus. The research also throws light on the problems of professional languag

Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Sustainable Demographic Development of Multi-Ethnic Population in Russia

The article exemplifies controversial features in the linguistic development of the multiethnic population of Russia in the Volga Federal District, predominantly in the Republic of Tatarstan1; it analyzes the roles titular and official languages of the Russian Federation play in different spheres of life.The surveys held in Tatarstan over the last decade prove that enthusiasm of the ethnic ‘Renaissance’ of late 1990s has been changed by a disappointing estimation of Tatar still playing the role of a means of communication for a limited ethnic community, not viewed by the ethic population as one of the main elements of their ethnic identity. There is evidence that failure to ensure the revival and intergenerational transmission of the Tatar language (one of the most developed in the Volga Federal Region and Russia) may accelerate negative demographic shifts and further reduction of the ethnic language functions. The authors consider the present situation in Tatarstan to be caused by the lack of language policy coordination on three levels: federal, local and individual (family). It is suggested that to ensure the ethnic and language reproduction in a federal state, language regulations initiatives are to be based on the concept of the languages being ‘inherent property’ of an ethnos, the most important qualitative characteristic of a state of the ethnos, and essential grounds for its existence and development. Sustainable ethno-linguistic reproduction and native languages preservation are viewed by the authors possible due to implementation of the idea of linguistic federalism and development of ethnic linguistic identity. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s1p54

Investigating the Differences Between Prepared and Spontaneous Speech Characteristics: Descriptive Approach

In the modern EFL paradigm, pre-task planning time is viewed as a norm. Pre-task planning time is one of the central concerns of teachers, test-developers, as well as researchers. Pre-task planning is planning a speech before performing a task, and it also involves rehearsal and strategic planning. The paper addresses the problem of pre-task planning advisability for A2 Russian EFL speakers. The research presented in this paper examines the structure, breakdown, repair, syntactic complexity, lexical diversity as well as the accuracy of the discourse produced by 145 Russian participants of the English language competition held in Kazan, Russia, in January 2020. The discourse analysis revealed that the pre-task time is used by A2 EFL speakers not only to focus on a dialog but also to elicit a topic text from memory, thus focusing on form rather than meaning. Hence, in A2 tests prioritizing meaning over form and measuring the ability for spontaneous speech, the one-minute pre-task planning time is viewed as questionable

Text Complexity In Russian Textbooks On Social Studies

Presented paper reveals the problem of the mixed complexity of authentic texts used in Russian textbooks, on a basis of textbook on social studies for 8th grade. The requirements of the Federal State Education Standards for the text content of textbooks and the rules for expert review of the educational literature included in the federal list of recommended textbooks were studied. To conduct the research, a number of formulas for the readability of the texts developed and studied by foreign and Russian scientists to assess the complexity of the text were used. The analysis of statistical parameters was conducted in order to reveal the relationship between the quantitative parameters and the content of the texts. The main results presented in the article demonstrate that 7 out 16 assessed texts meet the declared complexity of the textbook, according to the formulas of readability. More than half of the texts show an exceedance of the level of complexity. A more detailed analysis also reveals the presence in the texts of qualitative elements potentially creating complexity for reading and understanding. The results of the study indicate the necessity for an in-depth study of the problem of assessing the complexity of texts used in Russian textbooks

Distribution Patterns of Boosters and Hedges in English and Russian Spoken Scientific Discours

We report on the work in progress aimed to define incidence and distribution patterns of boosters and hedges used in scientific conference presentations on medical biotechnology. We employ our corpus consisting of approximately 10 hours of recorded English and Russian presentations delivered in London, UK; Silver Spring, USA; Kazan and Moscow, Russia, along with corresponding TEI-based transcripts. Presentations date from 2015 to 2016 and were posted on NIH (genome.gov), Cell and Gene Therapy Conference, UniverTV, FutureBiotech, and RusOncoWeb video channels. The mean presentation length is 30 minutes, with reports ranging from 25 to 39 minutes. The corpus features discourse of 18 English and Russian researchers with at least 15 years of work in Oncology or Cardiology. The overall word count of the corpus amounts to 45018 words. Both English and Russian scientific discourses offer a formulaic way of introducing research and they are generally hedged. Though the texts studied are mostly fact oriented and impersonal, in introduction parts of presentations in both languages researchers prefer using pronoun I significantly more often than pronoun we, while in experimental parts the frequency of pronoun we is three times higher than that of pronoun I. Lexical analysis of the transcripts confirmed the hypothesis of numerous differences in distribution patterns of metadiscourse markers of English and Russian researchers. The difference lies in the tendency of Russian scholars to argue more explicitly, while this is less the case in the English spoken scientific domain. A detailed examination of frequency rates and range of hedges point to the fact that Russian researchers employ a limited range of hedges with the frequency two times lower than that in English. The most hedged parts in English presentations are literature reviews and experiment descriptions, while in Russian introductions hedges exceed in number all other parts. The underlying reasons may be found in cultural and linguistic differences between academic communities and presenters' choice of discourse markers. The revealed distribution patterns of metadiscourse markers in spoken scientific discourse can be used in natural language processing as well as in descriptive and comparative studies107-10

Photographers' Nomenclature Units: A Structural and Quantitative Analysis

Addressing the needs of cross and intercultural communication as well as the methodology of contrastive research, the paper presents the results of the complex analysis conducted to describe semantic and pragmatic parameters of nomenclature units denoting photography equipment in the modern Russian informal discourse of professional photographers. The research is exemplified by 34 original nomenclature units and their 34 Russian equivalents used in 6871 comments posted at "Клуб.Foto.ru" web-site in 2015. The structural and quantitative analyses of photographers' nomenclature demonstrate the users' morphological and graphic preferences and indirectly reflect their social and professional values. The corpus-based approach developed by Kast-Aigner (2009: 141) was applied in the study with the aim to identify the nomenclature units denoting photography equipment, validate and elaborate the data of the existing corpus. The research also throws light on the problems of professional languag

THE INDICES OF EXAMINATION TEXTS COMPLEXITY

The article presents the results of the analysis aimed at quantitative (word length and sentence length) and qualitative (narrativity, syntactic simplicity, word concreteness, referential cohesion and deep cohesion) characteristics used in Flesh Reading Ease and Coh-Metrix to determine complexity/simplicity of FCE and EGE examination texts corresponding to B2 level by Common European Framework of References. The data used in the research include18 examination texts of three language tests analogous in structure and content: in Russian (Test of Russian as a Foreign Language) and in English (Unified (Russia) State Examination in English (EGE) and First Certificate Examination (FCE)). Flesch Reading Ease indices of all the Russian texts analyzed testify to their higher level of complexity than the announced in the corresponding papers (B2). The English texts correspond to the Level B2 by CEFR. The computerized with Coh-Metrix texts utilized in EGE and FCE prove to belong to B2 level, though the EGE texts demonstrate on average higher than FCE texts levels of concreteness but lower levels of syntactic simplicity. Maintaining approximately equal levels of concreteness EGE and FCE texts obtain about the same levels of complexity (B2) due to the differences in the number of verbalized local and global content links. Thus, the Russian test developers model the authentic English texts for examination purposes eliminating the connectives and verbalizing referential and deep cohesion