44 research outputs found
Is Real Per Capita State Personal Income Stationary? New Nonlinear, Asymmetric Panel-Data Evidence
Mutations in a Conserved Residue in the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Active Site Decreases Sensitivity to Neu5Ac2en-Derived Inhibitors
The Exchange Rate and Interest Rate Differential Relationship: Evidence from Two Financial Crises
A Simple Specification Procedure for the Transition Function in Persistent Nonlinear Time Series Models
Novel α- and β-Amino Acid Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Neuraminidase
In an effort to discover novel, noncarbohydrate inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase we hypothesized that compounds which contain positively charged amino groups in an appropriate position to interact with the Asp 152 or Tyr 406 side chains might be bound tightly by the enzyme. Testing of 300 α- and β-amino acids led to the discovery of two novel neuraminidase inhibitors, a phenylglycine and a pyrrolidine, which exhibited K(i) values in the 50 μM range versus influenza virus A/N2/Tokyo/3/67 neuraminidase but which exhibited weaker activity against influenza virus B/Memphis/3/89 neuraminidase. Limited optimization of the pyrrolidine series resulted in a compound which was about 24-fold more potent than 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid in an anti-influenza cell culture assay using A/N2/Victoria/3/75 virus. X-ray structural studies of A/N9 neuraminidase-inhibitor complexes revealed that both classes of inhibitors induced the Glu 278 side chain to undergo a small conformational change, but these compounds did not show time-dependent inhibition. Crystallography also established that the α-amino group of the phenylglycine formed hydrogen bonds to the Asp 152 carboxylate as expected. Likewise, the β-amino group of the pyrrolidine forms an interaction with the Tyr 406 hydroxyl group and represents the first compound known to make an interaction with this absolutely conserved residue. Phenylglycine and pyrrolidine analogs in which the α- or β-amino groups were replaced with hydroxyl groups were 365- and 2,600-fold weaker inhibitors, respectively. These results underscore the importance of the amino group interactions with the Asp 152 and Tyr 406 side chains and have implications for anti-influenza drug design