Rural Development Policies in Egypt

The study classified the Rural Development programs in Egypt into four eras the era of rural reform policies before 1973, The era of rural development policies associated with liberalization of the Egyptian Economy (1973-1993) and included the establishing of “the Village Development and Building up Device” The era of establishing the national project “SHROOK (Sun Raise)” (1993-2007), The current era (from 2008- till now) which includes mainly the national program for targeting Poorest 1000 villages. The study, also, provided a profile of the EU’s (CAP), which provided lessons to be learned from the multidimensional compliance and the effective Implementation Of conditional income support. The caudal section provided the recommended dimensions and mechanisms for the strategy of rural developmen

A review of The National and International Agro‐Food Policies and Institutions in Egypt

The study presents an analytical profile for the performance and policies of the agro‐food sector in the Egyptian economy and rural society, the agro‐food industry, the agro‐food production and consumption, the agricultural sector Structure and policies. In addition, the study concerned the agro‐food trade performance and policies

A review of The National and International Agro‐Food Policies and Institutions in Egypt

The study presents an analytical profile for the performance and policies of the agro‐food sector in the Egyptian economy and rural society, the agro‐food industry, the agro‐food production and consumption, the agricultural sector Structure and policies. In addition, the study concerned the agro‐food trade performance and policies

استهلاك منتجات الألبان من إنتاج المزرعة والأمن الغذائي للأسرة الريفية

The study used the data of the household budget survey conducted by CAPMAS for the year 2014, to recognize the objective of this study. It was to specify the consumption pattern of milk and dairy products of the Egyptian rural household and to identify the socio-economic factors affecting this consumption pattern. The major results showed that the household with the small farm holding (less than 5 feddans) has a rational economic policy with concern of such vital food items, particularly for nutritionally vulnerable groups of the population. Such category of households represents 92% of the farm holders in Egypt. The identified econometric model for dairy products consumption showed that the household increases its homeproduced milk and dairy products as the market price of these food items surpasses the costs of production per 1-kg of home produced milk. Such policy decision empowers the household to face the price inflation by increasing self-reliance in the consumption. Of such vital food commodities. However, the households within the rural community decrease the share of home produced milk and dairy products as household income increases. At higher income level the household replace home produced and home processed dairy products for a wide variety of such products purchased from the market. Even though, the dairy products consumption of upper Egypt rural community and border governorates citizens is still affected by the traditions and local community cultures. While the upper Egypt community preference considers milk is children rather than men food, the border governorates prefer sheep and goats dairy products

اقتصاديات قش الارز بين التلوث البيئي والتدوير

This study was conducted to achieve two objectives (1) To specify and identify: The recycling of agricultural wastes, the negative effects of non-recycling of such wastes versus the positive effects of recycling it, and to analyze policies affecting the management of agricultural waste use in Egypt, with a focus on rice straw, (2) To estimate the profitability and then Comparing the added value of the common rice recycling patterns in rural Egypt. To achieve the first goal, the study relied on secondary data, whether published or unpublished, and reviewing of related literature using the method of content analysis, where it derived the concept and volume of agricultural waste and the recycling patterns with focusing on rice straw, as well as the institutional policies, the price, technical and marketing policies. To achieve the second objective, the study used a field survey of a systematic random field sample of 40 farmers of rice crop holders in two villages from Sharqya Province. The study concluded that the liberalization of the agricultural market and increasing the supply of grains in Egypt as a result of increased productivity has resulted in a huge increase in the supply of wheat and rice straw, which created the phenomenon of burning rice straw and also found that despite the positive significance of the total recycling ratio of rice straw amounted to about 80% of the annual produced hay, the quantities that have been recycled to alternative economic patterns was very little (6% organic fertilizer, 1% treated rice straw feed), the rest was as compressed rice straw in bales, which only reduce transportation and storage costs, and indirectly reduced the negative environmental impact of burning rice straw. The study provided evidences that the highest economically viable recycling pattern is recycling as compost fertilizer, followed by treated rice straw as animal feed. The study recommended that there is still a wide scope to rotate the total available agricultural waste, condition that the society is willing to prevent the losses caused by environmental pollution and gain the added economic values that will be generated when activating the full recycling of all available waste associated with high possible employment opportunities. Such program requires a big effort to deepen the awareness among young people towards the adoption of these projects via providing technical support and financing plan for them to establish an integrated system for collection, packaging and storage of these wastes for recycling in Locations closer to the collection areas than to the areas of use. Key Words: Rice Straw, Agricultural Wastes, Recycling, Agricultural Policy

Impacts of the Economic Reform Program on the Performance of the Egyptian Agricultural sector

From 1986 to 2007 Egypt's agricultural policy transitioned from a tightly controlled to a more liberalized regime. This study examines the impact of this change on the performance of the wheat (imported grain) and rice (exported grain) sectors. In terms of profitability, we found that the cost of production increased substantially in both grains, driven primarily by the rise in land rent and labor wage. But the wheat and rice sectors' profitability did not suffer significantly, as advances in new seed technologies and adoption of better farm practices including farm mechanization increased yield and compensated for the higher cost. Considering market efficiency, we found that over the study period the farmer's share of the consumer's expenditure dropped from 51% to 37% in the case of wheat, while it increased from 24% to 26% in the case of rice. The reverse happened for wholesale and retail margin share, where it increased for wheat and decreased for rice. It is likely that the discipline from foreign suppliers of imported wheat and foreign market opportunities for exported rice may explain the difference in the changes of the distribution of consumer expenditure. Finally, we found that area response elasticity decreased over time from 0.58 to 0.12 for rice and 0.60 to 0.38 for wheat. The lack of response in rice area despite rising prices is attributed to the land limit strictly imposed by the Government of Egypt because of water supply constraint considerations. On the other hand, the lack of response in wheat area despite rising wheat prices may be attributed to the rising competitiveness of Egyptian clover, which is a main feed ingredient for the growing livestock sector

Dosimetric Comparison between Dynamic Wave Arc and Co-Planar Volumetric Modulated Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Introduction: Dose reduction to the duodenum is important to decrease gastrointestinal toxicities in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. We aimed to compare dynamic wave arc (DWA), a volumetric-modulated beam delivery technique with simultaneous gantry/ring rotations passing the waved trajectories, with coplanar VMAT (co-VMAT) with respect to dose distributions in LAPC cases. Material and Methods: DWA and co-VMAT plans were created for 13 patients with LAPC. The prescribed dose was 45.6 or 48 Gy in 15 fractions. The dose volume indices (DVIs) for target volumes and organs at risk were compared between the corresponding plans. Gamma passing rate, monitor unit (MU), and beam-on time were also compared. Results: DWA significantly reduced the duodenal V39Gy, V42Gy, and V45Gy by 1.1, 0.8, and 0.2 cm3, and increased the liver mean dose and D2cm3 of the spinal cord planning volume by 1.0 and 1.5 Gy, respectively. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the target volumes except for D2% of PTV (111.5% in DWA vs. 110.5% in co-VMAT). Further, the gamma passing rate was similar in both plans. MU and beam-on time increased in DWA by 31 MUs and 15 seconds, respectively. Conclusion: DWA generated significantly lower duodenal doses in LAPC cases, albeit with slight increasing liver and spinal cord doses and increasing MU and the beam delivery time. Further evaluation is needed to know how the dose differences would affect the clinical outcomes in chemoradiotherapy for LAPC

Histological and ultrastructural studies on the effect of Cassia alata methanolic leaf extracts against chemically induced lung adenocarcinoma in rats

ABSTRACT The present work aims to evaluate anticancer performance of Cassia alata methanolic leaf extracts (CMLE) in ethyl carbamate-stimulated lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) in differentiation to the function of Cisplatin (CIPL). Rats were divided into four groups: (1) control (CONT), (2) lung-adenocarcinoma (LAD) injected intra-peritoneally with 1g/kg ethyl carbamate once weekly for a month, (3) LAD+CMLE administered 500 mg/kg CMLE orally for the last two months of the experiment, and (4) LAD+CIPL treated group, injected 2.5 mg/kg Cisplatin intraperitoneally once weekly for the last two months of the experiment. Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed adenocarcinoma development in terminal bronchiole besides some histopathological changes in the LAD group such as atypical, exaggerated collagen fibers, increment of mucinous content, and increasing of PCNA positive immunoreactivity whereas electron microscopy investigation exposed that papillary adenocarcinoma originated from Clara cells in the LAD group. The LAD+CMLE treated group showed no tumor masses and nearly all with normal lung histology. It also recovered the normal ultrastructure of bronchiolar Clara cells. CMLE treatment offers a new alternative cure with less toxicity than Cisplatin for lung cancer therapy. Hence, CMLE would be employed as a novel supply of anti-cancer compounds combating lung cancer

Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy versus combined trabeculotomy–trabeculectomy in primary congenital glaucoma

Background: The primary mode of therapy in children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and mild or no corneal edema is goniotomy, which has a high success rate. However, in developing countries, the diagnosis of PCG is usually delayed, and corneal cloudiness interferes with goniotomy. Therefore, trabeculotomy may be the best choice in such eyes. We compared the short-term efficacy and safety of primary combined trabeculotomy–trabeculectomy (primary CTT) with that of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) in managing PCG. Methods: This prospective, randomized, comparative study included patients with PCG referred to Al-Azhar University Hospitals within a 1-year period. Eyes were randomly allocated to one of two groups: eyes in NPDS group underwent NPDS, and those in primary CTT group underwent primary CTT. Baseline and frequent postoperative assessments of intraocular pressure (IOP), cup-to-disc ratio (C/D ratio), corneal diameter, and axial length were performed for up to 6 months. The success rates were recorded in both groups. Results: Forty eyes of 26 patients were included, with 20 eyes allocated to each group. The mean (standard deviation) age of all patients was 12.9 (9.5) months, with comparable ages and sex ratios between groups (both P > 0.05). Both groups demonstrated a significant reduction in IOP and C/D ratio at each postoperative visit compared to the baseline visit (all P < 0.001), with no significant difference detected between the groups (all P > 0.05), except for a significantly lower IOP in NPDS group at 1 month (P < 0.05). The corneal diameter and axial length were comparable between groups at baseline and remained unchanged at all postoperative visits (all P > 0.05). The groups had comparable success rates (P > 0.05). No serious complications were detected. Conclusions: CTT and NPDS both yielded reasonable IOP control and reversal of cupping in eyes with PCG. We observed equal effectiveness of the surgical procedures without major safety concerns. Further large-scale clinical trials with longer follow-up periods are needed to verify our preliminary findings

A review of the national and international agro-food policies and institutions in the Mediterranean Region

This synthesized report aims at providing a comparative view of agricultural sectors and policies in the MPC, based on the individual country reports and expanding the gathered information. It offers an overall depiction of the whole MPC region under investigation and a comparative perspective, along with a summary of the key country characteristics. More in-depth, country-specific information should be sought within the country reports. In this sense, this report should be examined together with the individual country reports from which, country-related information have been extracted. References to the country reports are omitted for simplicity reasons, as it is defined that they constitute the basis of this report. In addition, and for the same reason, all references made within the country reports have been also omitted. Detailed reference sources can be found within the country reports. Any reference to additional sources, not referred to in the country reports, is explicitly mentioned. In Annex II, following the Mediterranean Partner Countries’ reports, a report entitled “Euro- Mediterranean policy and other ongoing processes and their main impact on Mediterranean Partner Countries” is given, in which the relations between the EU and the MPC under the framework of the Euro-Mediterranean partnership (i.e. Barcelona process) are analysed