Prediction of Solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Single Solvents and Their Mixtures — Solvent Screening

In this chapter, the applicability of two predictive activity coefficient-based models will be examined. The experimental data from five different types of VLE (vapor-liquid equilibrium) and VLLE (vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium) systems that are common in industry are used for the evaluation. The nonrandom two-liquid segment activity coefficient (NRTL-SAC) and universal functional activity coefficient (UNIFAC) were selected to model the systems. The various thermodynamic relations existing in the open literature will be discussed and used to predict the solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other small organic molecules in a single or a mixture of solvents. Equations of states, the activity coefficient, and predictive models will be discussed and used for this purpose. We shall also present some of our results on solvent screening using a single and a mixture of solvents

(R)-1-Phenyl­ethanaminium (S)-4-chloro­mandelate

The absolute configuration of the title complex, C8H12N+·C8H6ClO3 − or [R-C6H5C(H)CH3NH3][S-4-ClC6H4C(H)(OH)CO2], has been confirmed by the structure determination. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form a two-dimensional network perpendicular to the c axis

Sexual diversity of red algae using isomorphic generations of Gracilaria corticata in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea

In conformity with the sex determination of Gracilaria corticata in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, a total of 41 samples were collected from two stations of Bostaneh region (northern Persian Gulf, 54° 38´ E / 26° 30´ N) and Lipar regions (northern Oman Sea, 60° 49´ E / 25° 15´ N). The specimens were cultured in PES media for observing the different life stages. The anatomical structures of thallus were taken into consideration. The diploid tetrasporophytes and spermatangia in thallus of male’s gametophytes; and Carpospore and cystocarps of female were determined. Due to DNA extraction, the parasites and epiphytes were cleaned and then the under growing sections were sectioned using liquid nitrogen. After extraction of DNA, by using 20 different primers according to ISSR molecular indicator, the sex diversity and genetic diversity of populations were studied; and four primers were selected ultimately. The obtained results were analyzed by GenAlex and PopGen softwares. In total, 74 bands, all polymorphisms, were propagated. According to PIC index, polymorphism separation of primer C (0.33) was higher than other primers. The Marker Index was measured between 4.48 and 6.51 with mean Shannon’s index of 0.46. The genetic similarity amongst algae was 96%. The genetic diversity inter and intra populations had significant differences of which 83% of total diversity was related to the intra diversity and 17% was related to inter diversity populations. The highest genetic distance belonged to the specimens 5 (Bostaneh) and 35 (Lipar), and it indicated the inter populations diversity in addition to intra population. As an overall conclusion, these populations can be considered as broodstocks for hybrid production for further species breeding and also to attain the maximum heterosis in adaptation with environment. In Ward clustering analysis, the dendrograms showed 5 different clusters in genetic distance of 12.18 of isomorphic phases. The PCA analysis as a complementally method was used for attest the findings. In this research, the ISSR primers could determine the male and female gametophytes and diploid tetrasporophytes in which the primer A (bands of 1200 & 1700 bp) specific for diploid tetrasporophyte and band of 300 bp specific for male were produced. The primer C showed the bands of 820 & 900 bp for diploid tetrasporophyte, and 500 bp for female gametophyte. The primer AB (990 bp) for male, 520 bp for female and 1600 & 1900 bp for diploid tetrasporophyte were specified. The primer ABC showed the specific band of 1100 bp for male; 500 bp for female; and 1200 & 1500 bp for diploid tetrasporophytes

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Modified Fe 2

Studying the removal of rhodamine B (RB) dye by using zeolite 13X molecular sieves supported by Fe2O3 nanoparticles (denoted as Fe2O3-13X) is the main objective of this study. Fe2O3-13X was synthesized and modified by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The prepared Fe2O3-13X was characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and zeta potential. The effects of the solution pH, SDS amount, contact time, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage on the removal efficiency of RB were studied. A maximum removal efficiency of 99.3% was achieved. The adsorption equilibrium data of RB were fitted using the Freundlich model, yielding the maximum adsorption capacity of 89.3 mg/g. The findings revealed that the RB adsorption onto Fe2O3-13X modified with SDS (Fe2O3-13X-Ms) was described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The results reported in this paper indicate that a high RB removal percentage was attained by adding SDS to Fe2O3-13X

Lipid extraction and biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludges: A review

Extensive research is being conducted all over the world to produce fuels from renewable biomass. Biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel produced from lipid sources, is one of the most attractive among the options explored for alternative energy sources. However, 70-80% of the overall biodiesel production cost is associated with raw materials cost. Municipal sewage sludge is readily available at no cost. It contains various lipids and hence it is a promising raw material for biodiesel production. Lipids can be initially extracted from the sludge. Subsequently, the extracted lipid is converted to biodiesel by esterification and/or transesterification reaction. Biodiesel is also produced by in situ transesterification of dried sludge. This paper reviews the various lipid extraction techniques and biodiesel production processes from municipal wastewater sludge.Biodiesel Wastewater solid sludge Free fatty acid (FFA) Esterification Transesterification

Curcumin, a promising anti-cancer therapeutic: A review of its chemical properties, bioactivity and approaches to cancer cell delivery

The development of new anti-cancer treatments with greater efficacy and fewer side effects remains a significant challenge of modern scientific and medical research. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol found in the dietary spice turmeric, has been demonstrated to inhibit cancer cell survival and proliferation, and to induce apoptosis without promoting the development of side effects. However, due to its sparing solubility and low bioavailability, curcumin has not yet been clinically used to treat cancer. This review describes the main physicochemical properties of curcumin, including its chemical structure, stability, and degradation products as a function of pH and temperature. It also describes the proposed mechanisms by which curcumin exhibits anti-cancer activity. Finally, we review the various approaches that have been studied to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, including the preparation of co-crystals, and the development of delivery systems based on liposomes, micelles, exosomes, nanoparticles and dendrimers. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry