Utjecaj prirodne smole divljeg drva pistacije (same i u kombinaciji s bornom kiselinom) na fizička svojstva i trajnost bukovine

This study was carried out to investigate the physical properties and decay resistance of beech wood treated with natural pistachio resin (PR) from Iranian wild pistachio trees (Pistacia atlantica), alone and in combination with boric acid (BA). Wood samples were impregnated with different concentration of PR dissolved in ethanol (3 to 20 %) with vacuum-pressure technology. The combination of PR (20 %) and BA (2 %) was also conducted to evaluate any interaction or synergistic effects. The water absorption, volumetric swelling, and decay resistance against Trametes versicolor fungi, before and after a leaching test (EN 84), were measured on treated and untreated samples. The chemical compositions of PR were also identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The chemicals analysis identified more than 20 different compounds in the PR, monoterpenoids being the predominant fraction and α-pinene the major component. The samples treated with a higher concentration of PR showed much higher weight gain percentage (WG%). The results showed that the increase in WG% reduced the average values of water absorption and volumetric swelling of treated samples even after long terms of soaking in water. The decay resistance of the treated samples increased against white rotting fungi as the values of WG% increased. Efficient protection was seen when a combined treatment of PR and BA was used. Even after the leaching process, the weight loss of the treated samples was less than 3 percent. The samples treated with BA alone largely lost their effectiveness against fungal attack after the leaching. The use of PR along with an environmental friendly co-biocide can also be recommended for wood preservation in places that require minimal toxicity.Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti fizička svojstva i otpornost na propadanje bukovine tretirane prirodnom smolom pistacije (PR) dobivene iz divljeg drva pistacije koja uspijeva u Iranu (Pistacia atlantica) te kombinacijom smole pistacije i borne kiseline (BA). Uzorci drva vakuumsko-tlačnim su postupkom impregnirani različitim koncentracijama PR-a otopljenoga u etanolu (3 do 20 %). Provedena je i impregnacija uzorka kombinacijom PR-a (20 %) i BA-a (2 %) kako bi se procijenili svi interakcijski i sinergijski učinci. Za tretirane i netretirane uzorke mjerena je upojnost vode, volumetrijsko bubrenje i otpornost na djelovanje gljive Trametes versicolor prije i nakon ispiranja (EN 84). Ujedno je uz pomoć plinske kromatografije s masenom spektrometrijom (GC-MS) utvrđen i kemijski sastav smole (PR). Kemijskom analizom u PR-u je identificirano više od 20 različitih spojeva; momoterpeni su bili dominantna frakcija, a alfa-pinen glavna komponenta. Uzorci tretirani većom koncentracijom PR-a rezultirali su većim dobitkom mase (WG%). Rezultati su pokazali da se s porastom WG% smanjuje prosječna vrijednost upojnosti vode i volumetrijsko bubrenje tretiranih uzoraka, čak i nakon dugotrajnog potapanja u vodi. Otpornost tretiranih uzoraka na djelovanje gljiva bijele truleži povećala se s povećanjem WG%. Učinkovita zaštita primijećena je pri primjeni kombiniranog tretmana PR-om i BA-om; čak je i nakon postupka ispiranja gubitak mase tretiranih uzoraka bio manji od 3 %. Uzorci tretirani samo BA-om nakon ispiranja su uglavnom izgubili otpornost na napad gljiva. Moguće je zaključiti da se za zaštitu drva na mjestima koja zahtijevaju minimalnu otrovnost može preporučiti upotreba PR-a zajedno s ekološki prihvatljivim biocidom

Effect of Diluted Acid Pre-Extraction on Soda Pulping of Bagasse

Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses prior to pulping allows co-production of pulp and different hemicellulose-based chemicals in the chemical pulp mills. Due to important impact of hemicelluloses on pulp properties, their pre-extraction would be carried out in controlled conditions to minimize adverse effects on pulp properties. In this study, we focused on the effect of dilute acid pre-extraction on soda pulping and paper properties of bagasse to determine the optimum conditions for hemicelluloses extraction. The pre-extracted with dilute sulfuric acid was performed with 1, 2 and 4% of sulfuric acid concentration (w/v), liquid-to- solid ratio of 5, at 120, and 140 and 160 °C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Then, untreated and treated bagasse at selected condition were used to produce soda pulp with 11, 14 and 17% active alkali and then the selected pulps were bleached in ECF sequence. The pre-extraction results showed that dilute acid pre-extraction by 1% H2SO4, at 120 oC for 60 minute provided the best results regarding to extraction yield and residual holocellulose. However, screen yield, bleaching yield, tensile and burst strengths of obtained pulp from extracted bagasse were significantly lower than that obtained from unextracted bagasse, presumably due to considerable extraction of hemicelluloses