Influenza Virus in a Natural Host, the Mallard: Experimental Infection Data

Wild waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks such as mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), are considered the main reservoir of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). They carry viruses that may evolve and become highly pathogenic for poultry or zoonotic. Understanding the ecology of LPAIVs in these natural hosts is therefore essential. We assessed the clinical response, viral shedding and antibody production of juvenile mallards after intra-esophageal inoculation of two LPAIV subtypes previously isolated from wild congeners. Six ducks, equipped with data loggers that continually monitored body temperature, heart rate and activity, were successively inoculated with an H7N7 LPAI isolate (day 0), the same H7N7 isolate again (day 21) and an H5N2 LPAI isolate (day 35). After the first H7N7 inoculation, the ducks remained alert with no modification of heart rate or activity. However, body temperature transiently increased in four individuals, suggesting that LPAIV strains may have minor clinical effects on their natural hosts. The excretion patterns observed after both re-inoculations differed strongly from those observed after the primary H7N7 inoculation, suggesting that not only homosubtypic but also heterosubtypic immunity exist. Our study suggests that LPAI infection has minor clinically measurable effects on mallards and that mallard ducks are able to mount immunological responses protective against heterologous infections. Because the transmission dynamics of LPAIVs in wild populations is greatly influenced by individual susceptibility and herd immunity, these findings are of high importance. Our study also shows the relevance of using telemetry to monitor disease in animals

The divided perspective of collaboration and the difference of opinion on the Convention on the Rights of the Child : A qualitative study of how social workers, field workers and the police work with young people in crime and their views on the Convention on the Rights of the Child

Syftet i denna uppsats var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom socialtjänsten, fältarbetare och polis arbetar med ungdomar i kriminalitet och hur de gör bedömningar i enlighet med barnkonventionen. Studien utgick från kvalitativ metod som bestod av sex intervjuer. Empirin bearbetades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Med hjälp av teoretisk referensram har resultatet analyserats för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. De teorier som använts är organisationsteori via begreppen “people processing”, “people changing” och “people sustaining” samt samverkansteori. Resultatet visade att samverkan var en avgörande faktor i det förebyggande arbetet med ungdomar i kriminalitet. Trots den eniga synen på tonvikten av samverkan visade resultatet att utförandet av samverkan kunde innebära olika beroende på vilken verksamhet informanterna representerade. Dessutom kunde kommunikationen till följd av sekretessbestämmelser vara ett hinder för samverkan. Vidare framkom det i studien att informanterna inte använde sig av bedömningsinstrument trots att även det kunde vara verkningsfullt i arbetet med ungdomar i kriminalitet. I resultatet framkom det att man inte använder barnkonventionen som helhet och att det råder delade meningar om huruvida barnkonventionen ser till barnets bästa när det handlar om ungdomar i kriminalitet. Slutsatsen är att det krävs tydlig arbetsfördelning med tilldelade ansvarsområden samt lättade sekretessbestämmelser för en fungerande samverkan och förebyggande arbete. För att yrkesverksamma inte ska förhålla sig till enskilda artiklar i barnkonventionen krävs kompetensutveckling så att de kan tillämpa barnkonventionen som helhet.The purpose of this paper was to study how professionals in social services, field workers and the police, work with adolescents involved in criminality, and how they make assessments in accordance with CRC (the Convention on the Rights of the Child). A qualitative research method was applied in this study, which consists of six interviews. Empirical observations were processed through a qualitative content analysis. The findings have been analysed by applying a theoretical frame of reference, to answer the research questions of this paper. The theoretical frameworks that have been applied in this paper are collaboration theory and organisational theory through the concepts “people processing”, “people changing” and “people sustaining”. The findings indicated that collaboration was a determining factor in preventive work with adolescents involved in criminality. The results of the interviews suggest that the concept of collaboration can be interpreted differently depending on which organisation the interviewees represented, despite the consensus around the importance of collaboration. Communication between the organisations, impaired by confidentiality provisions, can also have a negative impact on collaboration. Another finding was that the interviewees did not use assessment instruments, even though they can be effective in the prevention work with adolescents involved in criminality. The findings indicate that social workers do not use CRC as a whole, and that there is no professional consensus about whether CRC is protecting the child’s rights when it comes to adolescents involved in criminality. The conclusion of the study is that a clear division of areas of responsibility, and eased confidentiality provisions are essential to achieve well functioning collaboration and preventative work. Professional social workers require competence development, to be able to apply CRC as a whole, instead of applying individual paragraphs of the convention

The divided perspective of collaboration and the difference of opinion on the Convention on the Rights of the Child : A qualitative study of how social workers, field workers and the police work with young people in crime and their views on the Convention on the Rights of the Child

Syftet i denna uppsats var att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom socialtjänsten, fältarbetare och polis arbetar med ungdomar i kriminalitet och hur de gör bedömningar i enlighet med barnkonventionen. Studien utgick från kvalitativ metod som bestod av sex intervjuer. Empirin bearbetades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Med hjälp av teoretisk referensram har resultatet analyserats för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. De teorier som använts är organisationsteori via begreppen “people processing”, “people changing” och “people sustaining” samt samverkansteori. Resultatet visade att samverkan var en avgörande faktor i det förebyggande arbetet med ungdomar i kriminalitet. Trots den eniga synen på tonvikten av samverkan visade resultatet att utförandet av samverkan kunde innebära olika beroende på vilken verksamhet informanterna representerade. Dessutom kunde kommunikationen till följd av sekretessbestämmelser vara ett hinder för samverkan. Vidare framkom det i studien att informanterna inte använde sig av bedömningsinstrument trots att även det kunde vara verkningsfullt i arbetet med ungdomar i kriminalitet. I resultatet framkom det att man inte använder barnkonventionen som helhet och att det råder delade meningar om huruvida barnkonventionen ser till barnets bästa när det handlar om ungdomar i kriminalitet. Slutsatsen är att det krävs tydlig arbetsfördelning med tilldelade ansvarsområden samt lättade sekretessbestämmelser för en fungerande samverkan och förebyggande arbete. För att yrkesverksamma inte ska förhålla sig till enskilda artiklar i barnkonventionen krävs kompetensutveckling så att de kan tillämpa barnkonventionen som helhet.The purpose of this paper was to study how professionals in social services, field workers and the police, work with adolescents involved in criminality, and how they make assessments in accordance with CRC (the Convention on the Rights of the Child). A qualitative research method was applied in this study, which consists of six interviews. Empirical observations were processed through a qualitative content analysis. The findings have been analysed by applying a theoretical frame of reference, to answer the research questions of this paper. The theoretical frameworks that have been applied in this paper are collaboration theory and organisational theory through the concepts “people processing”, “people changing” and “people sustaining”. The findings indicated that collaboration was a determining factor in preventive work with adolescents involved in criminality. The results of the interviews suggest that the concept of collaboration can be interpreted differently depending on which organisation the interviewees represented, despite the consensus around the importance of collaboration. Communication between the organisations, impaired by confidentiality provisions, can also have a negative impact on collaboration. Another finding was that the interviewees did not use assessment instruments, even though they can be effective in the prevention work with adolescents involved in criminality. The findings indicate that social workers do not use CRC as a whole, and that there is no professional consensus about whether CRC is protecting the child’s rights when it comes to adolescents involved in criminality. The conclusion of the study is that a clear division of areas of responsibility, and eased confidentiality provisions are essential to achieve well functioning collaboration and preventative work. Professional social workers require competence development, to be able to apply CRC as a whole, instead of applying individual paragraphs of the convention