Valorization of Napier grass via intermediate pyrolysis: Optimization using response surface methodology and pyrolysis products characterization

This study presents first optimization report on pyrolysis oil derived from Napier grass. Effects of temperature, heating rate and nitrogen flow rate on the intermediate pyrolysis of Napier grass biomass in a vertical fixed-bed tubular reactor were investigated collectively. Response surface methodology with central composite design was used for modelling the process and optimization of the process variables. Individual second order polynomial model was found to be adequate in predicting bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gas yield. The optimum bio-oil yield of 50.57 wt% was recorded at 600 �C, 50 �C/min and 5 L/min nitrogen flow. The bio-oil obtained throughout this study was two-phase liquid, organic and aqueous phase. The bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gas were characterized using standard analytical techniques. The results revealed that the organic phase consists of hydrocarbons and various benzene derivatives, which can be further processed into fuels and valuable chemicals. The aqueous phase was predominantly water, acids, ketones, aldehydes and some phenolics and other water-soluble organics. The non-condensable gas was made up high hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio suitable for liquid fuel synthesis via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. The bio-char was a porous carbonaceous material with high energy content, which can be applied as a solid fuel, adsorbent or source of biofertilizer. This study demonstrated that Napier grass biomass is a viable feedstock for production of high-value bioenergy precursors

Ammonia removal from fish pond water using sodium hydroxide modified zeolite

The excessive amount of ammonia could lethal for fish in aquaculture. Some of previous studies have been investigated that zeolite is very effective adsorbent to adsorb ammonium ion from water surface. Recently, the natural zeolite modified by sodium chloride to enhance the active site from the adsorbent, however it could adsorb much more ammonium ions from water. In this study, natural and modified zeolites were used to remove ammonium ions from NH4Cl synthetic solution and Koi pond water. The objective of present study was to investigate the ability of zeolite to remove ammonium by modified zeolite with sodium hydroxide which is a strong base. The modification of zeolite was conducted using sodium hydroxide solution at 75oC for 24 h. Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Toth equations with their temperature dependent forms were used to represent the adsorption equilibria data. The Langmuir and its temperature dependent forms could represent the data better than other models. The pseudo-first order has better performance than pseudo-second order in correlating the adsorption kinetic data. The controlling mechanism of the adsorption of NH4+ from aqueous solution onto NatZ and 6M-Z was dominated by physical adsorption. The competition with other ions occurred through different reaction mechanisms so it decreases the removal efficiency of ammonium ions by the zeolites. For 6M-Z zeolite, the removal efficiency decrease from 81% to 66.9% in NH4Cl synthetic solution comparing with Koi pond water. Thomas model can represent the experimental data for both adsorption of ammonia from aqueous solution or from Koi pond water. This continuous data experiment was calculated for represent breakthrough curves for the dynamic sorption data. The fitting of the models conducted by SigmaPlot software (version 12.0). The characteristics of adsorbent was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data shows the kind of zeolite which is used in this experiment, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to convince the Na+ ions were enhanced after zeolite has been modified with sodium hydroxide and nitrogen sorption to determine the pore volume. Based on the result, zeolite modified with sodium hydroxide can be suggested being a suitable ion exchange for ammonium ions removal, and it more potentially to uptake the ammonium ion than a natural zeolite and zeolite modified sodium chloride as previous study

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RISK MANAGEMENT AS A FIELD SUPERVISOR AT PT. PUTRA MATARAM PERKASA FOR PT BIRO REMAJA ARGACIPTA PRODUCTION BUILDING

The manufacturing facility of PT Biro Remaja Argacipta constitutes a provisional edifice conceived in response to a noteworthy disruption in factory operations resultant from an occupational incident culminating in the conflagration of the primary production edifice. This interim establishment is situated in Bantul, precisely delineated at Jl. Lingkar Selatan, Ds Singosaren Banguntapan, Bantul, D.I Yogyakarta 55193, Indonesia. Occupying an approximate expanse of 9,4322 square meters, the project is geographically sited within the Bantul Region of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The contiguous periphery of the project locus is predominantly characterized by agricultural tracts dedicated to rice cultivation, interspersed with select residential structures. Structurally, the edifice is designed to incorporate heavy steel as the principal load-bearing element within its architectural framework. Boasting a towering elevation of 32 meters and an expansive roof span of 12 meters, the construction methodology employs the HoneyComb technique, wherein a steel rod is dissected, subjected to fabrication, and subsequently amalgamated into a novel structural configuration. In the capacity of a field supervisor, the ensuing discourse delineates the oversight and managerial purview exercised over the workforce deployed at this locale. PT Busana Remaja Argacipta, predominantly engaged in the fabrication of apparel, confronted formidable operational impediments consequent to an incendiary event in December 2022 at its primary facility. Consequently, the erection of the temporary production site materialized as a strategic endeavor to palliate the ramifications on production and hasten the recuperation of elapsed manufacturing temporalities. It is imperative to note that the envisaged occupation of this facility encompasses the housing of large-scale machinery, thereby necessitating a structurally robust edifice capable of accommodating these formidable mechanical assets. According to the schematic, these machinery installations are slated for placement on the inaugural and secondary floors of the edifice

Gambaran mindful living pada biksu yang berasal dari Sikkim

Mindful living merupakan kondisi perhatian penuh (mindfulness) individu saat melakukan aktivitas rutin. Terdapat beragam manfaat dari mindfulness seperti meningkatkan fokus, mengembangkan kesejahteraan psikologis dan kebahagian, hingga meningkatkan kualitas hidup individu agar dapat mencapai flourish. Hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan kondisi autopilot yang sedang marak, yaitu individu melakukan segala kegiatan dengan otomatis dan tanpa perhatian penuh (mindlessness). Keadaan mindlessness dapat memunculkan berbagai dampak negatif dimulai dari hilangnya fokus hingga berujung depresi. Fenomena autopilot ternyata tidak dialami oleh biksu-biksu di Sikkim yang sering mempraktikkan mindful living, sehingga memunculkan ketertarikan untuk memulai penelitian dengan tujuan menggambarkan mindful living biksu yang berasal dari Sikkim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bila biksu dalam melakukan meditasi integrasi terbagi menjadi 3 tahap, yaitu permulaan, pelaksanaan, dan penutupan. Dalam menjalani tahapan tersebut, muncul distraction pada diri biksu. Biksu melakukan proses distraction coping untuk menghadapi distraction. Biksu yang menjadi partisipan ternyata telah mempraktikkan meditasi integrasi dalam jangka waktu yang lama dan konsisten. Hal ini menjadikan mindful living pada biksu terbentuk secara otomatis dikarenakan konsistensi biksu dalam melakukan praktik meditasi. Temuan unik yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini terletak pada teknik meditasi biksu yang mengkolaborasikan konsep meditasi konsentrasi dan mindfulness pada kegiatan meditasi yang dilakukan sehari-hari

Gambaran mindful living pada biksu yang berasal dari Sikkim

Mindful living merupakan kondisi perhatian penuh (mindfulness) individu saat melakukan aktivitas rutin. Terdapat beragam manfaat dari mindfulness seperti meningkatkan fokus, mengembangkan kesejahteraan psikologis dan kebahagian, hingga meningkatkan kualitas hidup individu agar dapat mencapai flourish. Hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan kondisi autopilot yang sedang marak, yaitu individu melakukan segala kegiatan dengan otomatis dan tanpa perhatian penuh (mindlessness). Keadaan mindlessness dapat memunculkan berbagai dampak negatif dimulai dari hilangnya fokus hingga berujung depresi. Fenomena autopilot ternyata tidak dialami oleh biksu-biksu di Sikkim yang sering mempraktikkan mindful living, sehingga memunculkan ketertarikan untuk memulai penelitian dengan tujuan menggambarkan mindful living biksu yang berasal dari Sikkim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bila biksu dalam melakukan meditasi integrasi terbagi menjadi 3 tahap, yaitu permulaan, pelaksanaan, dan penutupan. Dalam menjalani tahapan tersebut, muncul distraction pada diri biksu. Biksu melakukan proses distraction coping untuk menghadapi distraction. Biksu yang menjadi partisipan ternyata telah mempraktikkan meditasi integrasi dalam jangka waktu yang lama dan konsisten. Hal ini menjadikan mindful living pada biksu terbentuk secara otomatis dikarenakan konsistensi biksu dalam melakukan praktik meditasi. Temuan unik yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini terletak pada teknik meditasi biksu yang mengkolaborasikan konsep meditasi konsentrasi dan mindfulness pada kegiatan meditasi yang dilakukan sehari-hari

Strategi investasi investor individu x dengan analisis swot

Kegiatan investasi saat ini berkembang sangat pesat di dunia, terlebih didukung dengan jaringan internet yang mempermudah setiap orang melakukan transaksi dari belahan dunia manapun. Investasi dikatakan memberikan kesempatan tempat dan jam kerja bagi para investor. Dengan keuntungan demikian, banyak yang menjadikan investasi sebagai pekerjaan utama. Namun, hal itu tidaklah semudah yang dikatakan. Narasumber X merupakan seorang investor yang menggunakan investasi sebagai pekerjaan utamanya. Melalui wawancara dengannya, terdapat banyak hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk menjadi full time investor yang sukses. Langkah awal adalah menentukan kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman dari pribadi masing-masing. Kemudian, dibentuklah suatu strategi investasi yang sesuai yaitu strategi S-O, W-O, S-T, dan W-T. Strategi setiap orang berbeda antara satu dengan yang lain. Strategi S-O nya dan W-O nya adalah membuat sistem investasi yang baik dan sesuai dengan diri investor dengan menggunakan instrument investasi option selling serta menjalankan sistem investasi dengan disiplin dan fleksibel. Strategi S-T nya dan strategi W-T nya adalah mengamati berita-berita internasional maupun nasional untuk menyiapkan tindakan antisipasi bila kondisi pasar terlihat tidak mendukung serta menghindari investasi pada saat akan keluar data besar. Sistem investasi yang dirancang mengandung pertimbangan dari aspek objektif dan modal, kriteria masuk dan keluar pasar, dan manajemen keuangan

Bio-oil from Jackfruit Peel Waste

AbstractFossil fuels such as petroleum, charcoal, and natural gas sources are the main energy sources at present, but considering their natural limitation in availability and the fact that they are not renewable, there exists a growing need of developing bio-fuel production. Biomass has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace diminishing fossil fuels for the production of energy, especially for the transportation sector. JackfruitwasteisabundantinIndonesiamake itpotentiallyas one of thegreenrefineryfeedstockforthe manufacture ofbio-fuel.As intermediate of bio-fuel,jackfruitpeelsisprocessed intobio-oil. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process under oxygen-absent condition is an attractive way to convert biomass into bio- oil.In this study, the pyrolysis experiments were carried out ina fixed-bedreactor at a range of temperature of400-600°C, heating rate range between 10-50°C/min, and a range of nitrogen flow between 2-4litre/min. The aims of this work were to explore the effects of pyrolysis conditions and to identify the optimum condition for obtaining the highest bio-oil yield.The effect of nitrogen flow rate and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil were insignificant. The most important parameter in the bio-oil production was the temperature of the pyrolysis process.The yield of bio-oil initially increased with temperature (up to 550°C) then further increase of temperature resulting in the decreased of bio-oil yield. Results showed that the highest bio-oil yield (52.6%)wasobtainedat 550°C with nitrogen flow rate of 4L/min and heating rate of 50°C/min. The thermal degradation of jackfruit peel was also studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used to identify the organic fraction of bio-oil. The water content in the bio-oil product was determined by volumetric Karl-Fischer titration. The physicochemical properties of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of jackfruit peels such as gross calorific value, pH, kinematic viscosity, density, sulfur content, ash content, pour point and flash point were determined and compared to ASTM standard of bio-oil (ASTM 7544)

Ammonia removal from fish pond water using sodium hydroxide modified zeolite

The excessive amount of ammonia could lethal for fish in aquaculture. Some of previous studies have been investigated that zeolite is very effective adsorbent to adsorb ammonium ion from water surface. Recently, the natural zeolite modified by sodium chloride to enhance the active site from the adsorbent, however it could adsorb much more ammonium ions from water. In this study, natural and modified zeolites were used to remove ammonium ions from NH4Cl synthetic solution and Koi pond water. The objective of present study was to investigate the ability of zeolite to remove ammonium by modified zeolite with sodium hydroxide which is a strong base. The modification of zeolite was conducted using sodium hydroxide solution at 75oC for 24 h. Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Toth equations with their temperature dependent forms were used to represent the adsorption equilibria data. The Langmuir and its temperature dependent forms could represent the data better than other models. The pseudo-first order has better performance than pseudo-second order in correlating the adsorption kinetic data. The controlling mechanism of the adsorption of NH4+ from aqueous solution onto NatZ and 6M-Z was dominated by physical adsorption. The competition with other ions occurred through different reaction mechanisms so it decreases the removal efficiency of ammonium ions by the zeolites. For 6M-Z zeolite, the removal efficiency decrease from 81% to 66.9% in NH4Cl synthetic solution comparing with Koi pond water. Thomas model can represent the experimental data for both adsorption of ammonia from aqueous solution or from Koi pond water. This continuous data experiment was calculated for represent breakthrough curves for the dynamic sorption data. The fitting of the models conducted by SigmaPlot software (version 12.0). The characteristics of adsorbent was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data shows the kind of zeolite which is used in this experiment, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to convince the Na+ ions were enhanced after zeolite has been modified with sodium hydroxide and nitrogen sorption to determine the pore volume. Based on the result, zeolite modified with sodium hydroxide can be suggested being a suitable ion exchange for ammonium ions removal, and it more potentially to uptake the ammonium ion than a natural zeolite and zeolite modified sodium chloride as previous study