THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKWARD WALKING AND BACKWARD RUNNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of both backward walking (BW) and backward running (BR) and show the differences between two kinds of movements according to age. One 'hundred and four primary school children and varsity 20 students participated in this study. The SUbjects were divided into four groups. 15-meters-long lane was used in this experiment. All video pictures were manually digitized on Sony Motion Analyzer (SMC-70G). Cycles of motion in BW &BR were analyzed. The walking velocity didn't increase so with age in BW-test, but the results of BR-test revealed that running velocity increased with age. Step length was increased with age in each test. Step frequency of BR didn't increase with age. Step frequency in BW didn't increase with age. We categorized the form using examples from Miyamaru's procedure. BW was categorized to 5 patterns, and BR divided to 6 patterns

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION ANALYSIS OF TWO-HANDED AND WAIST BELT PULLING BACKWARD EXERCISES IN ELITE TUG OF WAR ATHLETES

In order to find the benefits of the waist belt (WB) in Tug of War (TOW) sport, the purpose of this study was to compare kinematic differences between two-handed (TH) and WB pulling backward exercises. The team that holds the gold medal record for the World Indoor TOW Championships 2004 participated in this study (N=20). According to threedimensional video analysis procedures using the direct linear transformation analysis method, the mean body center of mass (CaM) displacement during TH and WB trials were 0.7m and 1.45m, respectively. Moreover, the mean CaM speed of WB was approximately 1.6 times faster than that of TH. These results suggest that the WB had the efficacy to accomplish a given task in the pulling backward exercise. Therefore it is concluded that WB might be one of useful equipmenls in the TOW sport