Eksperymentalna metoda określania chwilowego śladu styku w obciążonej przekładni

The paper contains description of an experimental method of Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA). In practice there is mainly more than one pair of teeth in contact in gear. In determined orientation of gear wheels instantaneous contact ellipses occur between teeth. Shape and size of the contact ellipses are dependent on gear material, geometry and load. In manufacturing practice only mating areas are determined on control machines without operating load. Mainly analytical methods and a Finite Element Method are used to determine instantaneous contact ellipses. It is essential to observe changes in instantaneous contact ellipses relative to the rotations of wheels in gear drive in the range of a single pitch. In proposed solution of the problem the instantaneous contact ellipses and bearing area are experimentally determined using a rapid prototyping (RP) process. Prototypes of gear are assembled in a special device and loaded by torque. A transparent resin has been used to observe the instantaneous contact pattern. The principle of a mechanical similarity was applied

Zwiększenie równomierności rozdziału mocy w przekładni dwudrożnej

One of the phases of existence of machinery according to [5], is among others, constructing. The aim of constructional diagnostics used in this case is to identify sources of potential risks. In a dual-path gear transmission power is transferred by two parallel paths. Due to backlash and precision of making the whole gearing, the power is not transferred evenly along both paths. It creates potential risk which makes it necessary to create such gearing with higher module. This in turn causes an increase in dimensions and weight of the gearing. The paper presents a technical solution that allows to delete backlash on teeth on all stages of the gear transmission and thus increase the uniformity of power distribution into two paths. The solution consists in applying an intermediary split shaft whose parts can be exactly positioned angularly in relation to each other in the process of assembling the gear transmission.Jedną z faz istnienia maszyny wg [5] jest m. in. konstruowanie. Celem stosowanej w tym przypadku diagnostyki konstrukcyjnej jest identyfikacja źródeł potencjalnych zagrożeń. W przekładni dwudrożnej moc przekazywana jest dwiema równoległymi drogami. Z uwagi na luzy i dokładność wykonania całej przekładni moc nie jest przekazywana równomiernie. Stanowi to potencjalne zagrożenie, które pociąga za sobą konieczność wykonywania takich przekładni o zwiększonym module, co z kolei jest przyczyną zwiększenia gabarytów i masy przekładni. W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązanie techniczne pozwalające na skasowanie luzu między zębami na wszystkich stopniach przekładni a tym samym zwiększające równomierność rozdziału mocy na dwie drogi. Rozwiązanie polega na zastosowaniu dzielonego wału pośredniego, którego części mogą być dokładnie pozycjonowane kątowo względem siebie w procesie montażu przekładni

Inspiracja rynkowa transferu technologii w badaniach nad uprawą ziemniaka

Zintegrowany system zarządzania jest podstawowym narzędziem informatycznym wspierającym i koordynującym różne dyscypliny naukowe. Systemy informatyczne zbliżają rynek producentów do konsumenta. Transfer technologii w zakresie pierwiastków śladowych wspomagany zintegrowanym systemem informatycznym może zapewnić oczekiwania rynku z zakresu bezpiecznego produktu. Kapitał ludzki w połączeniu z wiedzą interdyscyplinarną wzbogaca kulturę organizacyjną przedsiębiorstwa. Kapitał strukturalny w postaci sprzętu komputerowego, oprogramowania, bazy danych, struktur organizacyjnych patentów wzbogaca relacje z klientami.The management information systems are the basic informatic tools which support and co-ordinate different kinds of knowledge. These systems enable a better contact of the enterprises with the customers. Technology transfer in a range of trace elements aided by information systems can enssure the marketing of safety products. Human capital together with different kinds of knowledge enriches the organizational culture of the enterprise. Structural capital such as, for example, computers, software, data bases, organizational structure, patents enriches the relations with customers

Wizualizacja naprężeń w kołach zębatych układów napędowych z wykorzystaniem metod RP

The paper contains description of an experimental method of stress pattern visualization. Mainly analytical methods and a Finite Element Method are used to determine internal stress pattern. Sometimes photo-elasticity is used. Model is made by copying real objects by casting from special optical-active resins. There is possible to put into use Rapid Prototyping methods. Some materials used in RP processes are optically active. In proposed solution of stress pattern visualization special models of gears are used. Models are made directly from optically active resin by Rapid Prototyping method - stereolitography. A transparent fotohardening optically active resin Sl5170 has been used to observe stress pattern in polarized light. Prototypes of gear are assembled in a special device and loaded by torque. The principle of a mechanical similarity was applied. In relation to the classic photo-elasticity method novelty is the use of the LCD monitor as a source of light and a camera with polarisation filter for observation and recording the distribution of internal stress pattern. The use of simulation of gear generating in CAD system and stereolitography method to produce a prototype allows you to eliminate the classic machining of gear at lower cost.W artykule przedstawiono eksperymentalną metodę wyznaczania rozkładu naprężeń. W celu określenia rozkładu naprężeń używane są metody analityczne i komputerowe wykorzystujące metodę elementów skończonych. W niektórych przypadkach użycie znajduje elestooptyka. Modele do elastooptyki są kopiami rzeczywistych obiektów, wykonanymi z materiału czynnego optycznie. Możliwe jest zastosowanie techniki szybkiego prototypowania w celu wykonania takiego modeluo. Niektóre z materiałów używanych w szybkim prototypowaniu są czynne optycznie. W proponowanym rozwiązaniu w wizualizacji naprężeń w kołach zębatych układów napędowych używane są specjalne modele kół. Modele są wykonane bezpośrednio z żywicy czynnej optycznie metodą stereolitografii. Użyto przezroczystej, fotoutwardzalnej żywicy Sl5170 w celu wyznaczenia rozkładu naprężeń. Modele kół obserwowano w świetle spolaryzowanym. Koła zestawiono w specjalnym przyrządzie i obciążono momentem skręcającym. Zastosowano zasadę podobieństwa modelowego. W stosunku do klasycznej metody elastooptyki nowością jest zastosowanie monitora LCD jako źródła światła oraz aparatu fotograficznego z filtrem polaryzacyjnym do obserwacji i rejestracji rozkładu naprężeń. Zastosowanie symulacji obróbki obwiedniowej w systemie CAD oraz wytworzenie kół za pomocą stereolitografii elimnuje klasyczną obróbkę skrawaniem i przyczynia się do obniżenia kosztów badań

Effect of the narrowing angle in beveliod gear on the temperature profile on the active flank of tooth

This paper contains a description of the test bench to research the temperature distribution in gears made of a plastic polymer. The paper presents the research results of the change and the temperature distribution on the side surface of the Beveloid tooth gear. The research were performed for a series of Beveloid gears with different values of narrowing angle

The globoidal worm gear with rotary teeth and autodenous backlash self-eliminating used in motorization

The worm gears are useful where the transmission ratio and the self-locking are needed (for particular gears). In the automotive industry, the worm gears are used in worm-and-roller steering gears, drives of the windshield wipers, wind-down car windows, etc. These gears have various versions, as a helical worm-gear and a globoidal worm-gear. The globoidal worm-gear, with rotary teeth was presented. This is an innovative idea connected with this type of gears. In the gear, the globoidal worm gear was used, and the classical worm wheel was replaced by the wheel with rotary teeth in the shape of the frustum of cone. The frustum of cone shape is needed because of minimization of the slippage between the teeth and the surface of the worm gear. The gear teeth have the helical shape. Rotation of the teeth, having appropriate angle of the conical surface, helps to minimize the slippage. In addition, the teeth are able to displace axially. In use, the teeth are pressed against the worm surface by the push springs. It allows eliminating the backlash and improving the gear operation. This type of gear, compared to classic globoidal gear has much higher efficiency. This facility results from replacing the worm friction on the worm wheel into the journal friction in a rolling bearing, where the rotary tooth is bearded. The capacity of the globoidal worm gear, compared to the classic gear is lower, but the uniformity of the load distribution on all teeth is strong advantage of it. Abovementioned gear can be used where the high transmission ratio is needed and the backlash caused during the gear exploitation is impermissible. For example, it can be used in steering system

Preliminary research of prototypes helical gears for power transmission systems

The toothed gears are used in the power transmission systems. It is result from advantages of them (e.g. efficiency, reliability, fatigue life, high-load transmission). In the power transmission systems for trucks, and for cars with back drive, gear pairs are used. In that case it is possible to transfer turning moment under right angle. The most common in use in so-called main axle are bevel or hypoid gear pairs. Differential gears are mainly built basis of straight bevel gears. The paper presents method of preliminary determination of usability bevel gears for transfer turning moment. The method uses gears' models which are made with Rapid Prototyping techniques. The gears are placed in the testbed, which enables to steady load of gear pair. The observation of tooth contact makes possible to preliminary evaluate of correctness of gear pair's working. The tooth contact's changes are observed during gear rotation. The direct observation of tooth gears can be done using transparent material for gears. Besides, it is possible to determine temporary tooth contact and its changes in function of gears' rotation for existing metal gear pairs. In order to analyse, it is necessary to make copy of existing gears vacuum cleaning method. It uses the silicone forms as a template to make copies. It should be use transparent material. The method enables to analyse tooth contact in gear pairs after lifetime, thereby evaluating impact of working on correctness of gear pairs' working

Tooth contact analysis of hypoid gear transmission prototypes manufacturing with vacuum casting methods

The article presents the experimental method of instantaneous contact area in hypoid gear transmission. The prototypes of hypoid gear have been made with one of the rapid prototyping method — Vacuum Casting process. This method permits to manufacture gear wheel with very complicated tooth profile in silicone tool (form or matrix) created in vacuum chamber with reduced pressure. Silicone matrix allows creating prototype in casting process or low pressure process. Silicone matrix has been made on the basis of gear transmission of car transmission system. Gears were made of transparent polymer materials to enable observation of the instantaneous contact area. The instantaneous contact area is that tooth flank surface area, which is in contact with mating surface of another tooth at a specific moment. Correct mating of gears and their kinematic precision depend on the shape and size of instantaneous contact area, as well as on changes during gear 's rotation. Contact between gear surfaces of geometrically ideal gearbox occurs at a point or line, but, because of a deformability of mating teeth flanks, in reality it is always a certain surface. The method of tooth contact area as described in the paper, permits a dynamic determination of the gearbox mating area. Existing experimental methods permit only a static observation of the mating area

Design of polymer gears for auxiliary power transmission systems of automotive vehicles

he polymer gears owing to their advantages are used in auxiliary power transmission systems of automotive . For example, the gears occur in transmissions of drives of car wipers or drives of car windows. The polymers are mainly used owing to lower production cost than in steel gears. The better silent-running and corrosion z are their other advantages in comparison with steel gears. Unfortunately, the polymer gears are not devoid of disadvantages. The main disadvantages are the lower efficiency and the lower capacity and what follows — the bigger dimensions. The conservative attitude of design of polymer gears is still noticeable. As a rule, such gears e steel gears, but the polymer gears are designed with bigger module. The most probably owing costs and lack of proper design recommendations, for design of polymer gears is used geometry of classic steel gears, because the procedure of analytical strength calculations for classic gears is well-know. The gears made from polymers are built in the mould matrices. In constructions of many mechanisms, the gears can be replaced in case of consumption or damage, so the construction of such gears that can be produced in the machine shop equipped with gear generating e for standard gears, was justified. Nowadays, the constructions of mechanisms used in automotive vehicles are often not even dismountable, but the whole mechanism is changed. It is worth changing the attitude to design of such transmissions.  The method of gears production gives many opportunities.   The production of gears with ited geometry, also such geometry that is impossible to obtain using traditional methods of machining, is possible in the mould matrices