Effect of Mycophenolate Mofetil on Plasma Bioelements in Renal Transplant Recipients

The proper concentrations of plasma bioelements may favorably reduce the incidence of metabolic disorders, which often occur during immunosuppressive therapy. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is currently one of the most frequently administered immunosuppressive agents; however, MMF treatment is often related to gastrointestinal side effects. The aim of this study was thus to verify whether the MMF treatment itself, or its metabolite pharmacokinetics, has an effect on the concentrations of plasma bioelements. To determine this, the effect of MMF on the levels of both major (sodium [Na], potassium [K], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg]), and trace (iron [Fe], zinc [Zn], copper [Cu]) plasma bioelements in 61 renal transplant recipients was assessed in comparison to a control group (n = 45). The pharmacokinetic parameters of mycophenolic acid were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. All patients filled out a 24-h diet history questionnaire. The results showed high plasma concentrations of Fe and low plasma concentrations of Mg and Zn as compared with diagnostic norms. The patients treated with MMF had significantly lower plasma Na (P < 0.001) and significantly higher plasma Zn (P = 0.030) and Cu concentrations (P < 0.001). In conclusion, MMF treatment was found to affect plasma Fe, Zn, and Cu levels by increasing their concentrations while decreasing the plasma Na concentration. Mg and Zn deficiencies, as well as excessive Fe levels, are frequently observed irrespective of the immunosuppressive regimen applied, which suggests that monitoring of these bioelements may be favorable

Badania nad zastosowaniem efektywnych mikroorganizmów i nawozów typu CRF na zawartość składników pokarmowych w liściach i plonowanie pomidora

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of applying Effective Microorganisms (EM), at a varied CRF (controlled release fertilizers) fertilization as starter fertilization, on macroelement contents in leaves and yielding of tomato grown in a peat substrate. Application of EM had significant effect – when applied either as seed inoculation or combined seed inoculation + spraying of plants on increase of total and commercial yields of tomato (35.8% and 40%; 44.6% and 35.9%, respectively). In contrast the application of CRF resulted in a significant increase in leaf contents of N (22.3–24.4%), K (13.6–16.6%) and Na (25%) at a simultaneous reduction of contents in case of Ca (9.9–15.7%) and Mg (21.9–23.9%) in comparison with the control combination. In view of environmental protection it is pointless to use starter fertilization in the form of slowrelease fertilizers in case of a cyclical use of fertigation in crop growing. Due to the advantageous effect of Effective Microorganisms on crop yielding it seems advisable to consider their application in commercial crop growing.Celem podjętych badań była ocena wpływu stosowania efektywnych mikroorganizmów, przy zróżnicowanym nawożeniu nawozami typu CRF (o kontrolowanym uwalnianiu składników) jako nawożeniu startowym, na zawartość makroelementów w liściach oraz plonowanie pomidora uprawianego w substracie torfowym. Efektywne mikroorganizmy wpływały istotnie – stosowane zarówno w postaci inokulowania nasion, jak i łącznego inokulowania nasion i opryskiwania roślin – na wzrostu plonu ogólnego i handlowego pomidora (odpowiednio 35,8% i 40%; 44,6% i 35,9%). Dla porównania zastosowanie nawozów CRF wpływało z kolei na istotny wzrost zawartości w liściach: N (22,3–24,4%), K (13,6–16,6%), Na (25%) przy jednoczesnym obniżeniu zawartości Ca (9,9–15,7%) i Mg (21,9–23,9%), w porównaniu z kombinacją kontrolą. Biorąc pod uwagę ochronę środowiska naturalnego, bezcelowe jest stosowanie nawożenia startowego w postaci nawozów wolno działających w przypadku cyklicznego stosowania fertygacji w uprawie roślin. Ze względu na korzystny wpływ efektywnych mikroorganizmów na plonowanie roślin wydaje się celowe rozważenie ich stosowania w uprawach produkcyjnych