La dimensión étnica de la identidad: la diáspora comercial de Otavalo

ResumenLa investigación aporta evidencias empíricas sobre el surgimiento de nuevos contextos migratorios que transforman la dimensión étnica de la identidad de los migrantes indígenas de Otavalo (Ecuador). En el pasado, la comercialización de sus artesanías de origen convirtió a esta población en un ejemplo ampliamente citado de empresariado transnacional. El presente estudio, realizado en el sur de España, indica la necesidad de incorporar la perspectiva temporal en el análisis de las transformaciones de lazos que sobrepasan fronteras. Al mismo tiempo, el enfoque procesual permite captar la plasticidad del ámbito identitario relativo a cambios demográficos que afectan a la diáspora en la actualidad.AbstractThe research provides empirical evidence which confirms the emergence of new migratory contexts which transform the ethnic dimension of identity of the indigenous migrants from Otavalo (Ecuador). In the past their involvement in commerce of handicrafts from their country of origin converted them into a widely cited example of transnational entrepreneurs. This study, conducted in the south of Spain, indicates the need to incorporate a temporal perspective into the analysis of the transformations of social links which extend beyond national borders. A processual approach serves to capture the plasticity of the identitary sphere relative to a series of demographic changes which affect the diaspora

The impact of COVID-19 on Venezuelan migrants’ access to health: A qualitative study in Colombian and Peruvian cities

This research seeks to understand how COVID-19 has affected access to healthcare among migrants in Latin Ameri- can cities. Using ethnographic research methods, we engaged with Venezuelans living in conditions of informality in four Colombian cities —Barranquilla, Cucuta, Riohacha, and Soacha —and three Peruvian cities —Lima, Tru- jillo, and Tumbes. We conducted 130 interviews of both Venezuelan migrants and state and non-governmental actors within the healthcare ecosystems of these cities. We found that forced migrants from Venezuela in both Colombia and Peru face common obstacles along their access trajectories to healthcare, which we summarize as legal, financial, and relating to discrimination and information asymmetry. By limiting effective access to care during the pandemic, these obstacles have also affected migrants’ ability to cover the costs of basic needs, particularly food and housing. Our study also found a prevalent reliance on alternative forms of care, such as telemedicine, easy-to-access pharmacies, and extralegal care networks. We conclude that COVID-19 has exacer- bated preexisting conditions of informality and health inequities affecting Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and Peru.Inter-American Development Bank ESW RG-E170

«Indígena Always Has to Innovate»: Transformations of Ethnicity of the Otavalo Trade Diaspora

La población kichwa de Otavalo (Ecuador) constituye uno de los grupos indígenas más afectados por el mercado generado en torno a la demanda global de la llamada «autenticidad cultural». El éxito comercial de la venta de los productos artesanales propios tuvo un gran impacto en la reafirmación de la identidad indígena. El presente estudio analiza las transformaciones de la etnicidad de esta población en el contexto migratorio del sur de España. Los resultados demuestran la erosión del empresariado transnacional que originalmente estimuló los flujos de los otavalos. La reorientación de su estrategia laboral y un mayor arraigo en el destino influyen en que sea necesario replantear el significado actual de la dimensión étnica de la identidad.The Kichwas from Otavalo (Ecuador) are one of the indigenous groups most affected by the global demand for the «culturally authentic» products. The commercial success of their handicrafts had a profound impact on reaffirmation of indigenous identity. This study analyzes the transformations of ethnicity of this population in the migratory context of Southern Spain. The results reveal the erosion of the transnational entrepreneurship which originally stimulated the migratory flows of Otavalos. The reorientation of the occupational strategy and their settlement in the receiving context influence the need to rethink the present meaning of ethnic dimension of identity

Protagonistas de su participación política: tendencias actuales de participación convencional, no-convencional y activismo online de la juventud en Europa

This paper analyzes the relationship between political participation and life cycle, focusing on youth in Europe. Based on the results of the European Social Survey (2018), the study shows the consolidation of patterns of activism which diverge from conventional politics. The research also indicates that this population sector is characterized by higher levels of participation than other age groups in activities which directly contribute to the visibilization of their political interests and concerns. Finally, there are several forms of activism which respond to the structural transformations of political participation patterns of European societies.El presente artículo analiza la relación entre el ciclo vital y la participación política, centrándose en la población joven en Europa. Partiendo de los resultados de la Encuesta Social Europa (2018), el estudio apunta a la consolidación de las pautas del activismo que se alejan de la política convencional. La investigación capta, además, que este sector poblacional se caracteriza por niveles de participación más altos que los otros grupos etarios en las actividades que, de manera directa, permiten visibilizar sus preocupaciones e intereses políticos. Finalmente, se han detectado varias formas de activismo que convergen con las transformaciones de carácter estructural de las pautas de participación política de las sociedades europeas

Prenatal care of Venezuelans in Colombia: migrants navigating the healthcare system

OBJECTIVES To explore the experiences of irregular (undocumented) Venezuelan migrants in accessing prenatal health services in Colombia and to examine the economic, social, and cultural resources mobilized by them to gain access to care. METHODS Data was retrieved from the qualitative component of a multi-method research conducted with pregnant immigrants in Barranquilla, Colombia, between 2018 and 2019, and triangulated with a review of regulations established by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. RESULTS Having limited economic capital, participants use social capital from personal networks and migrant organizations. They obtain cultural health capital in the form of information on the health system and use their cultural competencies to interact with this system. CONCLUSIONS Migrants exert their agency through the use of capitals, although with certain constraints. Policies aimed at this social group should consider the strengths of migrants

Senegalese diaspora in Spain - a transnational community

The article examines transnational character of the Senegalese Diaspora in Spain. A short account of the history of migrations from Senegal to Europe introduces the subject. Special emphasis is put on the continuation of the colonial discourse in the representation of African immigrants. The main focus of the analysis is on the transnational practices of the Senegalese in Spain. These are conducted through the bond that links the community with the society of origin. This strong attachment helps to resist the influence of the European culture, especially in the sphere of values and customs

Religious diversity in the migratory context of Andalusia: Identity, social boundaries and "lived" religion

España es en la actualidad uno de los diez países con mayor volumen de inmigrantes internacionales en el mundo. Los profundos cambios demográficos ligados a los flujos migratorios han supuesto una profunda diversificación del panorama religioso anteriormente existente. Su estudio resulta urgente si tenemos en cuenta que en los países de inmigración de nuestro entorno geográfico la religión, con frecuencia percibida en términos estáticos y esencialistas, desempeña un papel central en la demarcación de fronteras sociales entre la población inmigrante y las sociedades receptoras (Foner y Alba 2008; Casanova 2007a). Partiendo de la importancia de esta problemática e inscribiéndose en las tendencias científicas a nivel internacional (Sheringham 2013; Cadge y Ecklund 2007; Levitt 2007a; Ebaugh y Chafetz, Janet 2000), la presente investigación analiza la diversidad religiosa en el contexto migratorio de Andalucía. Esta tarea se realiza en dos fases. La primera esboza el panorama de las entidades evangélicas y musulmanas, ambas pertenecientes a las minorías religiosas más numerosas en la Comunidad Autónoma y en España. Esta contextualización constituye un paso previo para la fase principal de la investigación, que consiste en el estudio en profundidad de dos comunidades religiosas específicas. Con la finalidad de captar la heterogeneidad religiosa existente en Andalucía, siguiendo los criterios de la “muestra diversa”, se escogieron dos estudios de caso muy disímiles: los evangélicos kichwa y los musulmanes senegaleses.Spain, having over 6.3 millions of foreign-born residents, is today among the top ten countries with the largest volume of international immigrants in the world. The remarkable demographic changes linked to migratory flows have had a fundamental impact on its religious panorama. The study of these transformations becomes urgent and necessary if we consider that in Western Europe, religion, frequently perceived in essentialist and static terms, has become “a key institutional site for the demarcation of native-immigrant boundaries” (Alba 2005, p. 30). Following international scientific trends (Sheringham 2013; Cadge y Ecklund 2007; Levitt 2007a; Ebaugh y Chafetz, Janet 2000), this study focuses on religious diversity in Andalusia. The present territory of al-Ándalus, a place of historical presence of diverse religious communities, is characterized by a process of a profound religious pluralisation (Briones et al. 2010). Although migrations are not the only factor which contributes to this phenomenon, their influence is of fundamental importance. Today around 38% of immigrants in Spain belong to religious minorities (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 2008). The diverse origins, socio-demographic profiles and migratory trajectories of this population contribute not only to an existing plurality of beliefs and practices, but also to a diversification of religious organizations. Almost 16% of 6175 institutions of minority religions in Spain are situated in Andalusia (Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España 2014a).Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de SociologíaFormación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU - AP2009 - 2982) del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

Religious diversity in the migratory context of Andalusia: Identity, social boundaries and "lived" religion

España es en la actualidad uno de los diez países con mayor volumen de inmigrantes internacionales en el mundo. Los profundos cambios demográficos ligados a los flujos migratorios han supuesto una profunda diversificación del panorama religioso anteriormente existente. Su estudio resulta urgente si tenemos en cuenta que en los países de inmigración de nuestro entorno geográfico la religión, con frecuencia percibida en términos estáticos y esencialistas, desempeña un papel central en la demarcación de fronteras sociales entre la población inmigrante y las sociedades receptoras (Foner y Alba 2008; Casanova 2007a). Partiendo de la importancia de esta problemática e inscribiéndose en las tendencias científicas a nivel internacional (Sheringham 2013; Cadge y Ecklund 2007; Levitt 2007a; Ebaugh y Chafetz, Janet 2000), la presente investigación analiza la diversidad religiosa en el contexto migratorio de Andalucía. Esta tarea se realiza en dos fases. La primera esboza el panorama de las entidades evangélicas y musulmanas, ambas pertenecientes a las minorías religiosas más numerosas en la Comunidad Autónoma y en España. Esta contextualización constituye un paso previo para la fase principal de la investigación, que consiste en el estudio en profundidad de dos comunidades religiosas específicas. Con la finalidad de captar la heterogeneidad religiosa existente en Andalucía, siguiendo los criterios de la “muestra diversa”, se escogieron dos estudios de caso muy disímiles: los evangélicos kichwa y los musulmanes senegaleses.Spain, having over 6.3 millions of foreign-born residents, is today among the top ten countries with the largest volume of international immigrants in the world. The remarkable demographic changes linked to migratory flows have had a fundamental impact on its religious panorama. The study of these transformations becomes urgent and necessary if we consider that in Western Europe, religion, frequently perceived in essentialist and static terms, has become “a key institutional site for the demarcation of native-immigrant boundaries” (Alba 2005, p. 30). Following international scientific trends (Sheringham 2013; Cadge y Ecklund 2007; Levitt 2007a; Ebaugh y Chafetz, Janet 2000), this study focuses on religious diversity in Andalusia. The present territory of al-Ándalus, a place of historical presence of diverse religious communities, is characterized by a process of a profound religious pluralisation (Briones et al. 2010). Although migrations are not the only factor which contributes to this phenomenon, their influence is of fundamental importance. Today around 38% of immigrants in Spain belong to religious minorities (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 2008). The diverse origins, socio-demographic profiles and migratory trajectories of this population contribute not only to an existing plurality of beliefs and practices, but also to a diversification of religious organizations. Almost 16% of 6175 institutions of minority religions in Spain are situated in Andalusia (Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España 2014a).Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de SociologíaFormación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU - AP2009 - 2982) del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

Brand Engagement on Facebook Based on Mobile Phone Operators' Activity Within Four European Countries

Community is a potent strategy if it is approached with the right mind-set and skills. A strong brand community increases customer loyalty, lowers marketing costs, authenticates brand meanings, and yields an influx of ideas to grow the business. Through commitment, engagement, and support, companies can cultivate brand communities that deliver powerful returns16. The findings of the study conducted by the authors show that most operators has the interactive Facebook pages and users can receive answer to their question in the reasonable time. Brand Engagement rates are the highest in Germany, France and Poland take the second place with quite similiar results, whereas England has definitely the lowest rates. Apart from this ranking, the overall level of engagement rate is low in comparison to the amount of fans, each fan page has. It means that brand strategies on Facebook should be improved to engage fans. Further studies might indicate reasons of this outcomes and engagement rates comparison in other sectors. What can be concluded according to this article is that although Facebook is the global platform, brand engagement rate within communities in the mobile network area is rather differentiated among countries and networks' brands. Using social media to build brand loyalty seems to be the upcoming challenge for all companies and the presence on Facebook should be taken seriously