302 research outputs found

    Relationship between motor reaction time and ability to play football

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    Because of universal interest in this field and because many varying opinions are indicated, the problem is to find out, by some systematic inquiry, as to the nature of the relationship between motor reaction time and ability to play football at the high school level

    Akut traumasjukvÄrd för sjukskötare (ATSS) : - Vikten av ett gott bemötande

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    Syftet med examensarbetet Ă€r att sammanfatta tidigare forskningar och litteratur om vikten av att ha bemötande i beaktande vid en trauma patient. Betona vikten av ett strukturerat arbetssĂ€tt, med hjĂ€lp av trauma kurser för vĂ„rd personal. Även framhĂ€va sjukskötarens arbetsuppgifter vid ett trauma fall. Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Fakta som analyserades kommer frĂ„n tjugoen empiriska artiklar och tvĂ„ diskussionsartiklar. Som har hittats genom att söka pĂ„ olika databaser, som ex. CINAHL, Academic search elite (EBSCO), MEDLINE, PubMed och Google scholar. Sökord som anvĂ€nts Ă€r: caring and uncaring, trauma nursing, TNCC, accidents and trauma nurse, trauma nursing teamwork and communication m.fl. Artiklarna analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehĂ„llsanalys metod. De teoretiska utgĂ„ngspunkter som anvĂ€nts Ă€r Patricia Benners teori FrĂ„n novice till expert och Katie Erikssons teori om vĂ„rdprocessen. I resultatet framkommer att bemötande kan uppfattas pĂ„ flera olika vis tillföljd av faktorer i omgivningen som pĂ„verkar och den nonverbala kommunikationen. Det Ă€r viktigt att man tar detta i beaktande i vĂ„rden. Trauma kurser frĂ€mjar ett mera strukturerat arbetssĂ€tt och förbĂ€ttrar prioriterings förmĂ„gan. Som sjukskötare har man ett brett ansvarsomrĂ„de och varierande arbetsuppgifter vid vĂ„rden av en trauma patient.The purpose of the study is to summarize previous research and literature on the importance of having the treatment in consideration to a trauma patient. Accentuate the importance of a structured work, using trauma courses for the health professionals. While highlighting nurse’s tasks at a trauma case. The study was conducted as a systematic literature review. Facts that were analyzed come Katie Erikssons theory of the care process. The result shows that the response can be perceived in several different ways as a result of the affect of environmental factors and nonverbal communication. It is important to take this into consideration in the care. A trauma course promotes a more structured work and improve prioritization ability. As a nurse you have a wide area of responsibilities and variety of tasks in the care of a trauma patient.from twentyone empirical articles and two discussions articles. That was found by searching different databases, such as: CINAHL, Academic search elite (EBSCO), MEDLINE, PubMed and Google scholar. Keywords used are: Caring and uncaring, trauma nursing, TNCC, accidents and trauma nurse, trauma nursing teamwork and communication, etc. articles were analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. The theoretical frameworks used are Patricia Benner’s theory From novice to expert an

    Bevarandet av afrikansk vildhund (Lycaon pictus)

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    Den afrikanska vildhunden (Lycaon pictus) Ă€r en karnivor i hunddjursfamiljen. Majoriteten av dess populationen finns i södra Afrika och i de södra delarna av Östafrika. De lever i sociala grupper, sĂ„ kallade flockar, som kan ha ett medlemsantal mellan 3–44 individer. I flocken finns ett alfapar som generellt Ă€r de som stĂ„r för reproduktionen i gruppen. Hela flocken hjĂ€lps sedan Ă„t att fostra valparna vars överlevnad Ă€r kraftigt beroende av andelen mat de fĂ„r frĂ„n de Ă€ldre djuren. Under valpperioden tenderar flocken att vara mer stationĂ€r, men kan annars röra sig över ytor som kan strĂ€cka sig upp till sĂ„ mycket som 3800 km2. Födan varierar men bestĂ„r framförallt av thomsongaseller (Eudorcas thomsonii), större kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), stenantilop (Raphicerus campestris) och gnuer (Connochaetes spp.). Den afrikanska vildhunden Ă€r en utrotningshotad art med ca 6700 djur kvar i vilt tillstĂ„nd. Tidigare fanns den afrikanska vildhunden i 39 olika lĂ€nder i Afrika, men har nu försvunnit ifrĂ„n 25 av dessa. Det har bidragit till att den afrikanska vildhunden har fĂ„tt en mycket reducerad geografisk distribution och att det nu endast finns ett fĂ„tal flockar. Dess minskande population kan grundas i ett flertal orsaker, bland dessa exempelvis; habitatförlust, sjukdomstryck samt konflikter med mĂ€nniskan. Syftet med det hĂ€r arbetet var att undersöka vad som pĂ„verkar den fortsatta överlevnaden av de viltlevande afrikanska vildhundarna med avseende pĂ„ framförallt sjukdomar, habitat och mĂ€nsklig interaktion. Arbetets andra syfte var att finna potentiella strategier för att förbĂ€ttra de framtida överlevnadschanserna hos arten. Mina slutsatser frĂ„n detta arbetet Ă€r att sjukdomar, habitatet samt mĂ€nniskan pĂ„verkar den afrikanska vildhundens överlevnadsodds till en hög grad. Som följd anser jag att dessa Ă€r de huvudsakliga faktorerna som man bör rikta sin uppmĂ€rksamhet mot nĂ€r man Ă€mnar försöka bevara den afrikanska vildhunden. Med avseende pĂ„ sjukdomar Ă€r tamhundar (Canis familiaris) av stor vikt dĂ„ de kan sprida smitta till den afrikanska vildhunden. DĂ€rför bör man starta upp vaccineringsprogram riktade mot bĂ„de tamhundarna och den afrikanska vildhunden för att förebygga smittspridningen mellan de tvĂ„ populationerna. Bland sjukdomarna Ă€r det framförallt rabies som man bör rikta in sig pĂ„ dĂ„ ett vaccinationsprogram mot rabies skulle gynna bĂ„de djur och mĂ€nniskor. HabitatmĂ€ssigt bör den afrikanska vildhunden ges plats i stora nationalparker dĂ€r populationen lejon (Panthera leo) Ă€r lĂ„g och bytesdjur finns att tillgĂ„. Med fördel bör ocksĂ„ mĂ€nniskopopulationen i nĂ€romrĂ„det vara lĂ„g. MĂ€nniskans negativa attityd gentemot vildhunden mĂ„ste förĂ€ndras för att arten ska kunna överleva. Genom att utbilda allmĂ€nheten om den afrikanska vildhunden, öka turistintresset för djuret samt demonstrera att den afrikanska vildhunden inte Ă€r den frĂ€msta boskapspredatorn skulle instĂ€llningen kunna förĂ€ndras. Med en förĂ€ndrad attityd skulle förhoppningsvis fler bli mer angelĂ€gna att bevara ett av Afrikas mer missförstĂ„dda rovdjur.The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is a carnivore in the canidae family. Most of its population resides in southern Africa and in the south of East Africa. They live in social groups, so called packs, which can have a member total between 3-44 individuals. In the pack exists an alpha pair who are generally the ones responsible for the reproduction in the group. The whole pack then helps to nurture the pups, whose survival is heavily dependent on the proportion of food they receive from the older animals. During the denning period the pack tends to be more stationary; the wild dogs can otherwise move over areas that can extend up to as much as 3800 km2. The diet varies but consists mainly of Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) and wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). The African wild dog is an endangered species with about 6700 animals left in the wild. Previously, the African wild dog was found in 39 different countries in Africa but has now disappeared from 25 of these. This has resulted in a reduced geographical distribution of the African wild dog with currently only a few packs left. Its decreasing population can be traced back to a variety of causes, among them, for example; habitat loss, diseases and conflicts with humans. The purpose of this paper was to investigate which factors affect the continued survival of the feral African wild dog population with special regards to diseases, habitat and human interaction. The other purpose of this paper was to find potential strategies for improving the future survival of the species. The conclusions I draw from this paper are that diseases, habitat losses or changes, and humans affect the survival odds of the African wild dog to a high degree. As a result, these are the main factors I believe one should target when aiming to preserve the African wild dog. In terms of diseases the population of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) is of great importance as they can transfer diseases to the African wild dog. Therefore, one should start a vaccination program aimed at both the domestic dogs and the African wild dogs to prevent infections from spreading between the populations. Among the diseases it is mainly rabies that one should focus on since a vaccination program against rabies would benefit both animals and humans. Regarding habitat the African wild dog should be given place in large national parks where the lion population (Panthera leo) is low and prey is available. Advantageously, the human population in the surrounding area should be low as well. The negative attitude from humans towards the African wild dog must change in order for the species to survive. By educating the public about the African wild dog, increasing its touristic value and demonstrating that the African wild dog is not the most prominent threat to livestock, the attitude could change. With a change of hearts more people would hopefully be interested in preserving one of Africa's more misunderstood predators

    Betydelsen av butorfanol vid sedering av nötkreatur

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    Kastration av handjur Ă€r ett rutinmĂ€ssigt ingrepp som anvĂ€nds av boskapsĂ€gare runtom i vĂ€rlden för att underlĂ€tta hanteringen av deras djur. En kastration av en tjurkalv kan utföras pĂ„ flera olika sĂ€tt, men kirurgisk kastration Ă€r en metod som föredras av mĂ„nga veterinĂ€rer. DĂ„ ingreppet Ă€r smĂ€rtsamt brukar man anvĂ€nda sig av smĂ€rtlindring i form av lokalbedövning och non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Hos mĂ„nga djurslag anvĂ€nder man sig av opioider för att hantera smĂ€rttillstĂ„nd. Ett av de mest vĂ€lanvĂ€nda analgetiska lĂ€kemedlen inom veterinĂ€rmedicinen Ă€r butorfanol som Ă€r en kappareceptoragonist och en agonist-antagonist pĂ„ my-receptorn. Butorfanol verkar smĂ€rtlindrande, speciellt pĂ„ viscerala organ, och kan anvĂ€ndas som ett tillĂ€gg för att fĂ„ en mer balanserad sedering. I svenska DistriktsveterinĂ€rernas behandlingsriktlinjer föresprĂ„kas tillĂ€gg av butorfanol till sederingen vid kastration av nötkalv. Det sederingsprotokoll som finns bifogat i behandlingsriktlinjen Ă€r skapat av klinikern Axel Sannö. Sannö, A. och kollegor upplever att tillĂ€gg av butorfanol under kirurgisk kastration av nötkalv gör att kalven ligger ner bĂ€ttre under sederingen med fĂ€rre reaktioner och rörelser och gĂ„r upp snabbare. Det finns dock ett begrĂ€nsat antal studier över anvĂ€ndandet av butorfanol pĂ„ nötkreatur dĂ„ det för nĂ€rvarande inte finns nĂ„got butorfanol-preparat som Ă€r godkĂ€nt för djurslaget. Syftet med studien var att objektivt undersöka effekten av butorfanol under kastration av tjurkalvar för att bekrĂ€fta den subjektiva upplevelsen beskriven av Sannö, A. och kollegor. I studien anvĂ€ndes 54 tjurkalvar, samtliga sederades med xylazin, men 28 kalvar fick Ă€ven ett tillĂ€gg av butorfanol. Studiens hypotes var att butorfanolgruppen skulle ligga bĂ€ttre under sederingen med fĂ€rre reaktioner pĂ„ smĂ€rtsamt stimuli och resa sig snabbare efter kastrationen jĂ€mfört med gruppen som enbart fick xylazin. Studien kunde inte bekrĂ€fta att tillĂ€gg av butorfanol bidrog till en bĂ€ttre smĂ€rtlindring av kalvarna under kastrationen. Detta baserat pĂ„ att det ej fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan reaktionerna pĂ„ smĂ€rtsamt stimuli mellan grupperna. Dock syntes en tendens till signifikans vad gĂ€llde reaktion pĂ„ kastrationsingreppet (p = 0,057). Det fanns heller inga statistiska belĂ€gg för att kalvarna som fick en kombination av xylazin och butorfanol reste sig snabbare efter att ingreppet hade slutförts. Slutsatsen blev sĂ„ledes att hypotesen inte kunde bekrĂ€ftas. Vid en signifikansgrĂ€ns pĂ„ p <0,05 kunde studien inte visa att tillĂ€gg av butorfanol till sedering med xylazin bidrog med nĂ„gon ytterligare smĂ€rtlindring vid kastration av nötkalv som Ă€ven behandlats med lokalbedövning och en NSAID innan ingreppet, samt att tillĂ€gget inte bidrog till en snabbare resning efter ingreppets slut. Som bifynd visade studien att kalvarna som fick tillĂ€gg av butorfanol var piggare nĂ€r de vĂ€l reste sig efter ingreppet (p = 0,007) samt att de vokaliserade betydligt mer jĂ€mfört med de som bara hade fĂ„tt xylazin (p = 0,005; p <0,001).Castration of male animals is a routine procedure used by livestock owners around the world to facilitate the handling of their animals. A castration on a bull calf can be performed in several different ways, but surgical castration is the method that is preferred by most veterinarians. Since the procedure is painful, local anaesthesia and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are usually used as a mean to control the pain. In many animal species opioids are used to combat pain. One of the most widely used analgesic drug in veterinary medicine is butorfanol which is a kappa-receptor agonist as well as a my-receptor agonist-antagonist. Butorphanol provides pain relief, especially in viscera, and can be used as an addition to obtain a more balanced sedation. The Swedish district veterinarians’ treatment guidelines recommend adding butorphanol to the sedation when castrating bull calves. The sedation protocol attached to the treatment guidelines was created by veterinary clinician Axel Sannö. The experience reported by Sannö, A. and colleagues is that the addition of butorphanol during surgical castration of bull calves makes the calf stay down better with fewer movements and reactions to stimuli and rise quicker after the castration procedure is completed. However, there’s only a limited number of studies regarding the use of butorphanol on cattle as there is currently no available butorphanol drug approved for the species. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate the effect of butorphanol during castration of male calves to confirm the subjective experience reported by Sannö, A. and colleagues. 54 bull calves were used in the study, all of which were sedated with xylazine. Out of these 54 calves, 28 also received an addition of butorphanol. The study’s hypothesis was that the group receiving the addition of butorphanol would stay down better with fewer reactions to painful stimuli and rise quicker at the end of the procedure compared to the group receiving only xylazine. The study could not confirm that the addition of butorphanol contributed to a better pain relief for the calves during castration. This was based on the fact that there was no significant difference in the responses to painful stimuli between the groups. However, there was a tendency in significance regarding the reaction to the castration procedure (p = 0,057). There was also no statistical evidence that the calves given a combination of xylazine and butorphanol rose faster after the procedure was completed. The conclusion was thus that the hypothesis could not be confirmed. At a significance level of p <0,05 the study could not show that the addition of butorphanol to sedation with xylazine contributed to any additional pain relief during castration of calves that were also treated with local anaesthesia and an NSAID prior to the procedure, and that it does not contribute to the calves rising faster after the end of the procedure. Incidental findings from the study showed that the calves that received butorphanol were more alert when they got up after the procedure (p = 0.007) and that they vocalized more compared to those who had only received xylazine (p = 0.005; p <0.001)

    Forestry contractor 2007 : a quantitative study of organized Swedish forestry contractors

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    SMF Skogsentreprenörerna is a nationwide organisation for Swedish forestry contractors. It has about 750 organised companies with somewhere around 1500 logging machines. These machines perform well over 50% of all yearly landed wood in Sweden. The members of SMF also performs more and more of other functions in Swedish professional forestry, such as soil scarification, planting and pre-commercial thinning of younger stands. In order to determine what major priorities SMF should focus on in the future a member survey was initialised and carried out by SMF together with Daniel Larsson-Snygg, student at the swedish university of agricultural sciences SLU. This report presents the result of this survey sent out to all members of SMF. It is intended to answer a number of questions about their entrepreneurship such as: What different kinds of work do these companies perform? How many machines and employees do they have? How old are the company owners and their employees? What are their thoughts about the future of their business? How well does SMF serve their members needs

    Neoclassical Theory of Elementary Charges with Spin of 1/2

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    We advance here our neoclassical theory of elementary charges by integrating into it the concept of spin of 1/2. The developed spinorial version of our theory has many important features identical to those of the Dirac theory such as the gyromagnetic ratio, expressions for currents including the spin current, and antimatter states. In our theory the concepts of charge and anticharge relate naturally to their "spin" in its rest frame in two opposite directions. An important difference with the Dirac theory is that both the charge and anticharge energies are positive whereas their frequencies have opposite signs

    Beskrivning av barns oro, rÀdsla och smÀrta vid besöket pÄ en barnakutmottagning. - en empirisk studie

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    Barns besök pÄ en barnakutmottagning kan vara en skrÀmmande och stressande upplevelse dÀr undersökningar/ÄtgÀrder kan skapa rÀdsla, oro och smÀrta hos barnet. Syftet var att beskriva barns rÀdsla, oro och smÀrta i samband med undersökning/ÄtgÀrd pÄ barnakut-/akutmottagningen samt undersöka om barn erhöll information före undersökning/ÄtgÀrd. Metoden var av kvantitativ jÀmförande design. Urval gjordes genom att alla barn mellan sex till arton Är samt deras förÀldrar som besökte nÄgon barnakut-/akutmottagning och som talade och förstod svenska tillfrÄgades om deltagande. Resultatet visade ingen skillnad mellan barnens skattade rÀdsla/oro före och efter undersökning/ÄtgÀrd, medan barnen skattade en lÀgre smÀrta efter undersökning/ÄtgÀrd. RÀdsla/oro för venöst blodprov uppvisar den högsta medianen och rÀdsla/oro för röntgenundersökning den lÀgsta. Nittiofyra procent av barnen angav att de fÄtt information inför undersökning/ÄtgÀrd

    Kommunikation och samarbete över organisatoriska grÀnser - en studie inom ortopedin.

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    Sammanfattning I samhĂ€llet pĂ„gĂ„r det stĂ€ndigt en debatt om den svenska sjukvĂ„rden och dess knappa resurser. Debatten tydliggör ett aningen bristande intresse för hur de olika professionerna verkligen försöker sammanfoga sina prestationer mot det gemensamma mĂ„let, patienten. DĂ€rför Ă€mnar denna uppsats att ta reda pĂ„ samt kartlĂ€gga kommunikationen mellan tvĂ„ olika professioner. Detta görs i syfte att ge ett bidrag till förstĂ„else av vad som hindrar och möjliggör kommunikationen sĂ„vĂ€l som samarbetet mellan sjuksköterskor och lĂ€kare pĂ„ en ortopedavdelning. UtifrĂ„n elva kvalitativa intervjuer med sjuksköterskor och lĂ€kare har vi kartlagt var, nĂ€r och hur kommunikationen sker mellan professionerna samt hur samarbetet pĂ„verkas av professionernas olikheter. Tillsammans med en litteraturstudie har vi funnit samtliga kopplingar mellan kommunikation och samarbete samt vad som pĂ„verkar relationen mellan sjuksköterskorna och lĂ€karna. I syfte att göra skillnaderna tydliga analyseras empirin ur ett stuprörsperspektiv. Slutsatserna av studien Ă€r att faktorer som pĂ„verkar professionernas olika sĂ€tt att kommunicera Ă€r relaterade till professionens utbildning, perspektiv och person samt organisation och organisatoriska grĂ€nser. Detta lĂ€gger Ă€ven en grund för hur sjuksköterskor och lĂ€kare samarbetar. Faktorerna som pĂ„verkar samarbetet mellan professionerna, sett ur ett stuprörsperspektiv Ă€r deras olika ansvarsomrĂ„de och arbetsuppgifter, utbildning samt normer och vĂ€rderingar. UtifrĂ„n dessa faktorer kunde vi dra slutsatser att samarbetet mellan professionerna Ă€r beroende av deras kommunikation. Detta bekrĂ€ftar Ă€ven komplexiteten i professionernas relation, vilket kan förtydligas med att de uppfattar verkligheten olika. AvgrĂ€nsningen i arbetet har gjorts till en ortopedavdelning inom Region SkĂ„ne i syfte att göra ett exempel av den svenska sjukvĂ„rden. Analysen omfattar sĂ„ledes Ă€ven att avgrĂ€nsa sig till den mest centrala relationen, mellan sjuksköterskan och lĂ€karen. Nyckelord Kommunikation, samarbete, stuprör, profession, lĂ€kare, sjuksköterska, relationerAbstract The Swedish health system and its lack of resources is a much debated issue in today’s society. The ongoing debate demonstrates a lack of interest in the question of how the different professions actually try to focus their actions towards the common goal, the patient. For this precise reason this present study aims to examine and charter communication between two such professions. This in an attempt to understand what hinders and what facilitates communication as well as cooperation between nurses and doctors in a department of orthopedics. Based on eleven qualitative interviews with nurses and doctors we have chartered where, when and how communication is achieved between these two professions, as well as how cooperation is influenced by the differences between the professions. With the help of a literature study we have found the connections between communication and cooperation, as well as what influences the relationship between nurses and doctors. In our attempt to make the differences clearer we analyze the empirical results using a silo mentality approach. The conclusion of the study is that the factors that influence the professions’ different ways to communicate are related to the differences in education, perspective, personality, the organization, the time and the place, as well as the situation. This forms the basis of how nurses and doctors cooperate. The factors that influence the cooperation between the professions, analyzed in a silo mentality perspective, are the different areas of responsibility and work content, education, as well as norms and values. On the basis of those factors we could establish that cooperation between the professions depends on communication. This finding confirms the complexity of the relationship between the professions, which is elucidated by the fact that they have a different perception of reality. We have limited our study to a department of orthopedics in Region SkĂ„ne, with the purpose of using it as an example of a unit in the Swedish health care system. The analysis is further limited to one central relationship, that between nurses and doctors. Keywords Communication, cooperation, silo mentality, profession, doctors, nurse, relationship
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