Why Trade Associations Matter: Exploring Function, Meaning, and Influence

We explore the organizational characteristics of trade associations (TAs) and suggest theoretical approaches for undertaking research into or involving TAs in management and organization studies. Through emphasizing the role of TAs within and between industries and at the interface of business and society, we consider how TAs generate meaning and influence

Barrier Lowering and Field Penetration at Metal-Dielectric Interfaces

We report here photoemission measurements on Si-SiO_2-Al structures in which the metal-SiO_2 barrier energy has been determined as a function of the electric field strength E in the dielectric. The expected barrier lowering is the sum of two terms: a) the Schottky term, proportional to E^(1/2) and b) a term due to the penetration of the electric field into the metal electrode, proportional to E. The experimental results are in good agreement with the model, where the Schottky effect involves the optical value of the dielectric constant of the oxide and the Thomas-Fermi screening distance in the metal is 1 Å. To our knowledge this represents the first unambiguous quantitative determination of either effect in a polar dielectric, although the Schottky effect alone has been observed in silicon

Pressure-Tuned Collapse of the Mott-Like State in Ca_{n+1}Ru_nO_{3n+1} (n=1,2): Raman Spectroscopic Studies

We report a Raman scattering study of the pressure-induced collapse of the Mott-like phases of Ca_3Ru_2O_7 (T_N=56 K) and Ca_2RuO_4 (T_N=110 K). The pressure-dependence of the phonon and two-magnon excitations in these materials indicate: (i) a pressure-induced collapse of the antiferromagnetic (AF) insulating phase above P* ~ 55 kbar in Ca_3Ru_2O_7 and P* ~ 5-10 kbar in Ca_2RuO_4, reflecting the importance of Ru-O octahedral distortions in stabilizing the AF insulating phase; and (ii) evidence for persistent AF correlations above the critical pressure of Ca_2RuO_4, suggestive of phase separation involving AF insulator and ferromagnetic metal phases.Comment: 3 figure

Processing and Transmission of Information

Contains reports on four research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant G-16526)National Institutes of Health (Grant MH-04737-03)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NsG-496)Lincoln Laboratory (Purchase Order DDL BB-107)United States Air Force (Contract AF19(628)-500

Molecular Beam Measurements Of Total Collision Cross Sections Of H 22O

The total cross section for H22O-H22O scattering is measured with a supersonic nozzle beam system. The primary beam has a narrow velocity distribution, and the velocity is varied by control of the nozzle temperature. Velocities are determined by time-of-flight techniques. Cross sections obtained are averages over a Maxwellian distribution of the target molecules. Data at three velocities are presented. The cross sections for H2O are surprisingly small, for example, 3.07 x10-14 cm2 at 1x105 cm/sec, indicating little contribution from the dipole-dipole interaction

Performance of an Operating High Energy Physics Data Grid: D0SAR-Grid

The D0 experiment at Fermilab's Tevatron will record several petabytes of data over the next five years in pursuing the goals of understanding nature and searching for the origin of mass. Computing resources required to analyze these data far exceed capabilities of any one institution. Moreover, the widely scattered geographical distribution of D0 collaborators poses further serious difficulties for optimal use of human and computing resources. These difficulties will exacerbate in future high energy physics experiments, like the LHC. The computing grid has long been recognized as a solution to these problems. This technology is being made a more immediate reality to end users in D0 by developing a grid in the D0 Southern Analysis Region (D0SAR), D0SAR-Grid, using all available resources within it and a home-grown local task manager, McFarm. We will present the architecture in which the D0SAR-Grid is implemented, the use of technology and the functionality of the grid, and the experience from operating the grid in simulation, reprocessing and data analyses for a currently running HEP experiment.Comment: 3 pages, no figures, conference proceedings of DPF04 tal

Si nanostructures fabricated by anodic oxidation with an atomic force microscope and etching with an electron cyclotron resonance source

Nanometer‐scale Si structures have been fabricated by anodic oxidation with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and dry etching using an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source. The AFM is used to anodically oxidize a thin surface layer on a H‐passivated (100) Si surface. This oxide is used as a mask for etching in a Cl2 plasma generated by the ECR source. An etch selectivity ≳20 was obtained by adding 20% O2 to the Cl2 plasma. The AFM‐defined mask withstands a 70 nm deep etch, and linewidths∼10 nm have been obtained with a 30 nm etch depth. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70639/2/APPLAB-66-14-1729-1.pd

The weakness of diffuse bands in nebular environments. Possible impact on thePAH+ hypothesis

It has been widely suggested that PAH cations (PAH+) may be the carriers of the diffuse interstellar bands, so it is of interest to probe diffuse behavior in regions suspected of having high abundances of PAHs. Here we examine the strengths of several of the visible-wavelength diffuse interstellar bands in two nebular environments where infrared emission and ultraviolet indicators show that PAHs are abundant. One might expect the PAHs to be predominantly positively ionized in these regions, yet the diffuse bands are systematically weak. This led us to examine the ionization balance for see whether the weakness of the diffuse bands might rule out PAH cations as the carriers. We find that this conclusion is ambiguous, however, due to the very rapid rates for recombination of PAHs: under conditions that may reasonably represent our observed nebulae, the PAHs might be in predominantly neutral form. If so, this would explain the weakness of the diffuse bands, but leaves open some very perplexing questions about where the PAHs might be dominantly in cation form, hence where the diffuse bands do arise if they are due to PAH+