Synthesis of biodiesel from vegetable oil

My project deals with the synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil a cheaper vegetable oil of the market. Palm oil is choosen as the raw material due to its high carbon content, kinetic viscosity & density. Alkali transesterification procedure is used for the conversion. After production the newly produced biodiesel is used for characterisation & it is found that it is a suitable alternate diesel at a relatively higher temperature due to high pour point & viscosity. It is found that 72-80% conversions make it cost effective alternate diesel fue

Development of Improved Tap Hole Clay for Blast Furnace Tap Hole

This work describes the development of Tap hole clay based on Standard Tap hole caly.This study included the analysis of existing Tap hole composition from the XRD analysis, preparation of resin, optimization of resin composition and the replacement of some component of the Standard Tap hole clay (like Kyanite and Si3N4) and to adjust the composition which will properties (AP, BD, PLC, CCS) close to the Standard. The test revealed that increase in Corundum or Quartz increases the hardness (which is suppressedto provide wear resistance), Graphite increases drillability but the clay do not similar well.Kyanite can be effectively replaced by Silimanite and Si3N4 by Ferrosilicon Nitride. Two composition have been finally identify which have promising values and can be further optimized to provide an alternate composition to Standard 1 Tap hole clay. Other supplied Standards- i.e. 2, 3, 4 did not have much promising value and hence they were not optimized

DETERMINATION OF PARTIAL MOLAR PROPERTIES AND ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS OF AMINO ACIDS IN AQUEOUS METHANOL SOLUTIONS IN PRESENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE

Objective: To study the partial molar properties and acoustic parameters of amino acids in the solutions of 5, 10 and 15 wt %of aqueous methanol in presence of sodium benzoate. Methods: Effect on solute –solvent interaction is studied by determining the densities of pure solvents and the ultrasonic velocity of pure solvent and solutions is measured by using an ultrasonic interoferometer. Results: The results are discussed in the light of molecular interaction, ion-solvent interactions ion-solvent interactions dominate over ion-ion interactions, β-alanine has higher ion-solvent interaction than α-alanine & glycine. Conclusion: Overall,β-alanine shows high ion-solvent interaction due to higher mass which represents structural effect of solute on solvent in solution

A Lyapunov-Function Based Control For A Three-Phase Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter

The denomination Power quality by and large refers to maintaining approximal sinusoidal power distribution bus voltage at rated magnitude and frequency. This is mainly affected by the generation of harmonics. Even though electronic and non-linear devices are flexible, economical and energy efficient, they may degrade power quality by creating harmonic currents and consuming excessive reactive power. A family of various shunt hybrid active power filters has been explored in shunt and series configurations to compensate for different types of nonlinear loads. They provide controlled current injection to remove harmonic current from the source side of electric system and also can improve the power factor

Effect of Fabrication Methods on the Porosity, Microstructure, Strength and In-Vitro Bioactivity of Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds

Porous Hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold has been prepared from stoichiometric HA powder. The HA powder has been prepared in the laboratory by the wet chemical method. The as-prepared powder was amorphous. On calcination at 850oC, stoichiometric HA powder crystallized. The HA phase was stable till 1250oC and Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) formed at 1300oC. The HA scaffolds were prepared by three different routes. In the Solid State Fugitive route, porous HA scaffolds were prepared by mixing HA powder and Naphthalene (NA) granules. Five different volume percent (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70) NA was used. At a lower NA content, mostly isolated open pore were observed. Large and interconnected pores were seen at 50 and 60 vol% NA addition. The strength - porosity variation showed an inverse relation and the strength was low at 60 vol% NA. At 70vol%, NA strength could not be measured due to the fragile nature of the sample. The microstructures of Simulated body Fluid (SBF) aged porous HA scaffold show that apatite formation starts from the surface of large grains. The scaffolds prepared by Gel Casting Route had only 22% porosity. When NA was additionally added, the porosity and interconnectivity increased. At 45vol% NA addition, the pores were mostly open pores. The interconnectivity increases with the increase in NA content. At 45 vol% NA, the compressive strength was 0.96 MPa. In-vitro bioactivity showed that the apatite growth was more in higher porosity samples. With the increase in aging time, the morphology of the deposited apatite changed from granular to flower like. After 21 days aging, petal-like apatite crystals were observed. Porous scaffolds were also prepared by Protein Coagulation Casting method using Egg white as the foaming and binding agent. The foaming behavior was modified by varying the Egg White: Water (EWH) ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4). The foaming was less at higher water contents. The foaming was also less in pure Egg white sample. It was also noted that at a higher Egg White: Water ratio, foaming was more. At any EWH ratio, the minimum solid loading that could be cast without cracking was nearly ten times the foam height. The cracking of the samples at a lower solid loading was related to the fast foam drainage rate. Use of Poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) and Nitric acid (HNO3) reduced the drainage rate and reduced the cracking tendency. The in-vitro bioactivity tests showed that the apatite crystals were globular shaped. The porosity development was non-uniform in the Protein Coagulation Casting method. In the summary, it can be said that the three different methods of scaffold preparation produced different microstructures and pore sizes. The different microstructures resulted in varying compressive strength and bioactivity

STUDY OF BLACKHOLE ATTACK AND WORMHOLE ATTACK IN VANET ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURE

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are being designed with the goal of avoiding vehicular crashes. VANETs, however, offer a challenging environment for efficient and reliable message transmission due to its high dynamic mobility of vehicles (nodes) leading to frequent disconnections, which makes topology-based routing protocol not suitable for this type of application. Position-based routing protocols, on the other hand are more suitable for this type of environment. Firstly, we focus on the performance evaluation of the network layer by implementing the cross-layer, weighted, position-based routing (CLWPR) protocol and evaluating its performance in real-world scenarios. We compare the performance of CLWPR to another position-based routing protocol, the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) to demonstrate its superiority. We also evaluate the effect of radio channel modeling on the network performance. Since VANET carries various safety and non-safety information, data security is one of the most delicate issues in VANET. There are several types of attacks carried out by the attackers to compromise safety critical information. In this work, we implemented the blackhole attack and the wormhole attack in a VANET environment to check the performance of the routing protocol in this critical environment. In blackhole attack, the malicious node drops the packet before sending it to the destination. This attack is extremely dangerous because the data packets containing safety information is lost permanently in the attack during its transmission to the destination. In wormhole attack, the attacker reroutes the data packets to the destination through a malicious intermediate node. The malicious node may modify or falsify the content of data packet. This is also extremely dangerous as it can affect the safety of the vehicle. Thus, it is extremely important to study the effect of these attacks in VANET environment. The implementation of blackhole attack and wormhole attack is done using position-based routing protocols such as GPSR and CLWPR. Additionally, we checked the performance of the protocol using performance evaluation parameters such as packet delivery ratio, average time delay, and throughput before and after the attack. After analyzing both the attacks, we formulated and proposed a solution for the detection and prevention of each attack. The simulation results demonstrated that our proposed solution techniques are able to restore the normal performance of the routing protocols after the attack is detected and controlled

Influence of U doping on the growth behavior, electronic structure and magnetic properties of Pd

The influence of U doping on the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Pdn clusters was investigated using the spin-polarized DFT including the spin-orbit coupling term. The results reveal significant alterations in the geometry of the Pdn clusters in presence of U. Unlike Pdn, where 3D structure onsets at n = 4, for UPdn−1 cluster, it is at n = 6. The energetics of Pdn and UPdn−1 clusters suggests that the incorporation of U in Pdn clusters not only improves the stability but also quenches the unusual magnetic moment of Pdn clusters. These features have been explained by the strong f-d orbitals interactions