Simultaneous analysis of plasma and CSF by NMR and hierarchical models fusion

Because cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the biofluid which interacts most closely with the central nervous system, it holds promise as a reporter of neurological disease, for example multiple sclerosis (MScl). To characterize the metabolomics profile of neuroinflammatory aspects of this disease we studied an animal model of MScl—experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Because CSF also exchanges metabolites with blood via the blood–brain barrier, malfunctions occurring in the CNS may be reflected in the biochemical composition of blood plasma. The combination of blood plasma and CSF provides more complete information about the disease. Both biofluids can be studied by use of NMR spectroscopy. It is then necessary to perform combined analysis of the two different datasets. Mid-level data fusion was therefore applied to blood plasma and CSF datasets. First, relevant information was extracted from each biofluid dataset by use of linear support vector machine recursive feature elimination. The selected variables from each dataset were concatenated for joint analysis by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The combined metabolomics information from plasma and CSF enables more efficient and reliable discrimination of the onset of EAE. Second, we introduced hierarchical models fusion, in which previously developed PLS-DA models are hierarchically combined. We show that this approach enables neuroinflamed rats (even on the day of onset) to be distinguished from either healthy or peripherally inflamed rats. Moreover, progression of EAE can be investigated because the model separates the onset and peak of the disease

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ КЕТОПРОФЕНУ І ЦЕФТІОФУРУ У ВЕТЕРИНАРНИХ ПРЕПАРАТАХ СПЕКТРОФОТОМЕТРИЧНИМ МЕТОДОМ

The aim of the work. Development of a method for determination of ketoprofen and ceftiofur in combined veterinary drugs by spectrophotometric method. Materials and Methods. Veterinary drugs “Procefen-100” and “Kotsefen-200” (LLC ”Vetsyntez”, Kharkiv, Ukraine). The standard samples of ketoprofen, ceftiofur and excipients of the pharmacopoeial purity (Sigma-Aldrich) were used. Spectrophotometric (SF) measurements were performed on a CARY.WIN – UV-VIS-50 (Varian, USA) in quartz cells with 10 mm path length. Results and Discussion. Simultaneously, it is impossible to determine the ceftiofur and ketoprofen in combination drugs by direct spectrophotometry. In the absorption spectra of their model mixtures, there is an overlap of the maxima of detectable substances. The conditions of their separation for the next determination by direct spectrophotometry were experimentally selected by us. The optimal solvent was dichloromethane, in which the ketoprofen dissolves, while ceftiofur remains insoluble. 96 % ethanol was used to dissolve ceftiofur. The presence of excipients does not affect on the spectral characteristics of detected substances, which was demonstrated in the analysis of model mixtures of remedies with and without excipients. The technique consists in the extraction of ketoprofen by dichloromethane and its direct spectrophotometric determination at 254 nm wavelength, as well as a direct spectrophotometric determination at 290 nm wavelength of ceftiofur extracted by ethanol. Conclusions. The conditions of the ketoprofen and ceftiofur separation have been found. On the basis of which the method of separation and their quantitative spectrophotometric determination in two combined veterinary drugs with different ratio of the defined substances was developed. The metrological characteristics of the method were determined, and the results of quantitative determination of ketoprofen and ceftiofur were not statistically different from the results obtained by HPLC (by F- and t-criteria).Мета роботи. Розробка методики визначення кетопрофену та цефтіофуру в комбінованих ветеринарних препаратах спектрофотометричним методом. Матеріали і методи. Ветеринарні препарати «Процефен-100» і «Коцефен-200» (ТОВ «Ветсинтез», Харків, Україна). У роботі використовували стандартні зразки кетопрофену та цефтіофуру і допоміжних речовин фармакопейної чистоти (Sigma-Aldrich). Спектрофотометричні (СФ) вимірювання проводили на скануючому спектрофотометрі CARY.WIN – UV-VIS-50 (Varian, США) у кварцових кюветах із товщиною поглинаючого шару l = 1 см. Результати й обговорення. Одночасно неможливо визначити цефтіофур та кетопрофен у комбінованих лікарських препаратах прямим спектрофото-метруванням. В електронних спектрах поглинання їхніх модельних сумішей спостерігається перекривання максимумів визначуваних речовин. Експериментально підібрані умови їхнього розділення для наступного визначення прямим спектрофотометруванням. Оптимальним розчинником виявився дихлорметан, у якому кетопрофен розчиняється, тоді як цефтіофур залишається нерозчинним. Для розчинення цефтіофуру використовували етанол 96 %. Наявність допоміжних речовин не впливає на спектральні характеристики визначуваних речовин, що було показано при аналізі модельних сумішей препаратів із допоміжними речовинами та без них. Методика полягає у вилученні кетопрофену дихлорметаном і його прямому спектрофотометричному визначенні за довжини хвилі 254 нм, а також прямому спектрофотометричному визначенні цефтіофуру, вилученого етанолом, за довжини хвилі λ = 290 нм. Висновки. Встановлено умови розділення субстанцій кетопрофену та цефтіофуру, на основі чого розроблено методику розділення та кількісного спектрофотометричного визначення у двох комбінованих ветеринарних препаратах із різним співвідношенням визначуваних речовин. Розраховано метрологічні характеристики методики, а отримані результати кількісного визначення кетопрофену і цефтіофуру статистично не відрізняються від результатів отриманих заметодикою ВЕРХ (за F- та t-критеріями)

The SARS-CoV-2 viral load in COVID-19 patients is lower on face mask filters than on nasopharyngeal swabs.

Face masks and personal respirators are used to curb the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory droplets; filters embedded in some personal protective equipment could be used as a non-invasive sample source for applications, including at-home testing, but information is needed about whether filters are suited to capture viral particles for SARS-CoV-2 detection. In this study, we generated inactivated virus-laden aerosols of 0.3-2 microns in diameter (0.9 µm mean diameter by mass) and dispersed the aerosolized viral particles onto electrostatic face mask filters. The limit of detection for inactivated coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 extracted from filters was between 10 to 100 copies/filter for both viruses. Testing for SARS-CoV-2, using face mask filters and nasopharyngeal swabs collected from hospitalized COVID-19-patients, showed that filter samples offered reduced sensitivity (8.5% compared to nasopharyngeal swabs). The low concordance of SARS-CoV-2 detection between filters and nasopharyngeal swabs indicated that number of viral particles collected on the face mask filter was below the limit of detection for all patients but those with the highest viral loads. This indicated face masks are unsuitable to replace diagnostic nasopharyngeal swabs in COVID-19 diagnosis. The ability to detect nucleic acids on face mask filters may, however, find other uses worth future investigation

Effects of metal-contaminated soils on the accumulation of heavy metals in gotu kola (Centella asiatica) and the potential health risks: a study in Peninsular Malaysia

Centella asiatica is a commonly used medicinal plant in Malaysia. As heavy metal accumulation in medicinal plants which are highly consumed by human is a serious issue, thus the assessment of heavy metals in C. asiatica is important for the safety of consumers. In this study, the heavy metal accumulation in C. asiatica and the potential health risks were investigated. Samples of C. asiatica and surface soils were collected from nine different sites around Peninsular Malaysia. The concentration of six heavy metals namely Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Pb and Zn were determined by air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The degree of anthropogenic influence was assessed by calculating the enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). The heavy metal uptake into the plant was estimated through the calculation of translocation factor (TF), bioconcentration factor (BCF) and correlation study. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) and target hazard quotients (THQ) were used to determine the potential health risk of consuming C. asiatica. The results showed that the overall surface soil was polluted by Cd, Cu and Pb, while the uptake of Zn and Ni by the plants was high. The value of EDI and THQ showed that the potential of Pb toxicity in C. asiatica was high as well. As heavy metal accumulation was confirmed in C. asiatica, daily consumption of the plant derived from polluted sites in Malaysia was not recommended

Src Kinases Are Required for a Balanced Production of IL-12/IL-23 in Human Dendritic Cells Activated by Toll-Like Receptor Agonists

BACKGROUND: Pathogen recognition by dendritic cells (DC) is crucial for the initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) by microbial molecular patterns leads to the maturation of DC, which present the antigen and activate T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Cytokine production by DC is critical for shaping the adaptive immune response by regulating T helper cell differentiation. It was previously shown by our group that Src kinases play a key role in cytokines production during TLR4 activation in human DC. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this work we investigated the role of Src kinases during different TLRs triggering in human monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). We found that Src family kinases are important for a balanced production of inflammatory cytokines by human MoDC upon stimulation of TLR3 and 8 with their respective agonists. Disruption of this equilibrium through pharmacological inhibition of Src kinases alters the DC maturation pattern. In particular, while expression of IL-12 and other inflammatory cytokines depend on Src kinases, the induction of IL-23 and co-stimulatory molecules do not. Accordingly, DC treated with Src inhibitors are not compromised in their ability to induce CD4 T cell proliferation and to promote the Th17 subset survival but are less efficient in inducing Th1 differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the pharmacological modulation of DC maturation has the potential to shape the quality of the adaptive immune response and could be exploited for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases

Interpretation and Visualization of Non-Linear Data Fusion in Kernel Space: Study on Metabolomic Characterization of Progression of Multiple Sclerosis

Contains fulltext : 93904.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Fusion of metabolomics and proteomics data for biomarkers discovery: case study on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Contains fulltext : 91843.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)12 p

Themis2/ICB1 Is a Signaling Scaffold That Selectively Regulates Macrophage Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Cytokine Production

BACKGROUND: Thymocyte expressed molecule involved in selection 1 (Themis1, SwissProt accession number Q8BGW0) is the recently characterised founder member of a novel family of proteins. A second member of this family, Themis2 (Q91YX0), also known as ICB1 (Induced on contact with basement membrane 1), remains unreported at the protein level despite microarray and EST databases reporting Themis2 mRNA expression in B cells and macrophages. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we characterise Themis2 protein for the first time and show that it acts as a macrophage signalling scaffold, exerting a receptor-, mediator- and signalling pathway-specific effect on TLR responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Themis2 over-expression enhanced the LPS-induced production of TNF but not IL-6 or Cox-2, nor TNF production induced by ligands for TLR2 (PAM3) or TLR3 (poly IratioC). Moreover, LPS-induced activation of the MAP kinases ERK and p38 was enhanced in cells over-expressing Themis2 whereas the activation of JNK, IRF3 or NF-kappaB p65, was unaffected. Depletion of Themis2 protein by RNA inteference inhibited LPS-induced TNF production in primary human macrophages demonstrating a requirement for Themis2 in this event. Themis2 was inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated upon LPS challenge and interacted with Lyn kinase (P25911), the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Vav (P27870), and the adaptor protein Grb2 (Q60631). Mutation of either tyrosine 660 or a proline-rich sequence (PPPRPPK) simultaneously interrupted this complex and reduced by approximately 50% the capacity of Themis2 to promote LPS-induced TNF production. Finally, Themis2 protein expression was induced during macrophage development from murine bone marrow precursors and was regulated by inflammatory stimuli both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We hypothesise that Themis2 may constitute a novel, physiological control point in macrophage inflammatory responses

Determinants of the urinary and serum metabolome in children from six European populations

Background Environment and diet in early life can affect development and health throughout the life course. Metabolic phenotyping of urine and serum represents a complementary systems-wide approach to elucidate environment–health interactions. However, large-scale metabolome studies in children combining analyses of these biological fluids are lacking. Here, we sought to characterise the major determinants of the child metabolome and to define metabolite associations with age, sex, BMI and dietary habits in European children, by exploiting a unique biobank established as part of the Human Early-Life Exposome project (http://www.projecthelix.eu). Methods Metabolic phenotypes of matched urine and serum samples from 1192 children (aged 6–11) recruited from birth cohorts in six European countries were measured using high-throughput 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and a targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomic assay (Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit). Results We identified both urinary and serum creatinine to be positively associated with age. Metabolic associations to BMI z-score included a novel association with urinary 4-deoxyerythronic acid in addition to valine, serum carnitine, short-chain acylcarnitines (C3, C5), glutamate, BCAAs, lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC a C14:0, lysoPC a C16:1, lysoPC a C18:1, lysoPC a C18:2) and sphingolipids (SM C16:0, SM C16:1, SM C18:1). Dietary-metabolite associations included urinary creatine and serum phosphatidylcholines (4) with meat intake, serum phosphatidylcholines (12) with fish, urinary hippurate with vegetables, and urinary proline betaine and hippurate with fruit intake. Population-specific variance (age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, dietary and country of origin) was better captured in the serum than in the urine profile; these factors explained a median of 9.0% variance amongst serum metabolites versus a median of 5.1% amongst urinary metabolites. Metabolic pathway correlations were identified, and concentrations of corresponding metabolites were significantly correlated (r > 0.18) between urine and serum. Conclusions We have established a pan-European reference metabolome for urine and serum of healthy children and gathered critical resources not previously available for future investigations into the influence of the metabolome on child health. The six European cohort populations studied share common metabolic associations with age, sex, BMI z-score and main dietary habits. Furthermore, we have identified a novel metabolic association between threonine catabolism and BMI of children