Socioeconomic Differences in the Adoption of New Medical Technologies

New medical technologies hold tremendous promise for improving population health, but they also raise concerns about exacerbating already large differences in health by socioeconomic status (SES). If effective treatments are more rapidly adopted by the better educated, SES health disparities may initially expand even though the health of those in all groups eventually improves. Hypertension provides a useful case study. It is an important risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, the condition is relatively common, and there are large differences in rates of hypertension by education. This paper examines the short and long-term diffusion of two important classes of anti-hypertensives - ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers - over the last twenty-five years. Using three prominent medical surveys, we find no evidence that the diffusion of these drugs into medical practice favored one education group relative to another. The findings suggest that - at least for hypertension - SES differences in the adoption of new medical technologies are not an important reason for the SES health gradient.

Narrative interventions as a strategy for reducing relational aggression among preschoolers

As preschoolers develop social competence, they learn to play together and respect the emotions of their peers. The use of relational aggression (harming others by excluding or threatening to exclude them from social interaction) can hamper this development, negatively affecting both victims and perpetrators. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two types of narrative interventions, bibliotherapy and photo-talks, on the use of relational aggression among preschoolers. During the intervention, four preschoolers participated in bibliotherapy and photo-talk sessions focused on four positive social skills: using feeling words, including others in play, sharing, and cooperating. Data were collected daily during the participants’ 30-minute center time; instances of relational aggression, instances of targeted positive social behaviors, and the language used by the participants were recorded on tally sheets and in anecdotal notes. The results support the use of bibliotherapy and photo-talks to decrease relational aggression among preschoolers

Impact of the DRA Citizenship and Identity Documentation Requirement on Medi-Cal: Findings From Site Visits to Six Counties

Evaluates how the 2006 requirement for Medicaid beneficiaries to present proof of citizenship affected the workloads of California counties and enrollees' and applicants' access to Medi-Cal. Examines stakeholders' views of the requirement

Using a drug-word Stroop task to differentiate recreational from dependent drug use.

Distinguishing dependent from recreational drug use can be a surprisingly difficult task, and the current means for identifying substance abuse can be inadequate or even misleading. In subjective self-reports, those who are most at risk may down play their consumption, not admitting to the full extent of their habit, and measures purely of quantity of use rarely capture the true nature of an individual's relationship to the drug, such as a psychological dependence on the substance. This trend is particularly true for heavy stimulant use, which is absent of the physical withdrawal symptoms that can help identify opiate or alcohol dependence. As such, a simple objective measure to help identify substance abuse, particularly in individuals who might not otherwise raise suspicion, would be a valuable tool in both clinical and experimental settings. We propose that the drug-word Stroop task, an objective assessment of attentional bias and distraction to salient drug-related stimuli, would be a valuable tool in helping to make these categorizations. This measure has been shown to correlate with drug craving, as well as to successfully distinguish dependent from recreational stimulant users and to help to predict outcomes in treatment-seeking individuals. Here, we survey prior literature on the drug-word Stroop task and provide a perspective on using the assessment as a potential diagnostic for drug use severity.Original research presented in this review was funded by a Medical Research Council (MRC) grant (G0701497), and conducted within the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), which is jointly funded by an award from the MRC and Wellcome Trust (G00001354). DGS is supported by a studentship from the Cambridge Overseas Trust. KDE is supported by the MRC.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285291400013

'Half-cut' science:A qualitative examination of alcohol industry actors' use of peer-reviewed evidence in policy submissions on Minimum Unit Pricing

Aim: To assess the extent to which alcohol industry actors cited evidence in submissions to the Scottish Parliament Health and Sport Committee’s 2011 call for written evidence on the Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Bill and to compare any citations of peer-reviewed evidence to original sources. Methods: All submissions to the consultation (n=128) were manually searched to identify those written by alcohol industry actors (n=25). The reference lists of all the alcohol industry submissions were reviewed and peer-reviewed sources were retrieved, read and assessed against their in-text citation within the alcohol industry submissions. Results: Although most industry submissions cited evidence of some sort, only 7 (28%) cited peer-reviewed evidence. Comparing the total number of citations to peer-reviewed evidence (n=17) to original sources demonstrates that 82% were questionably cited. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the majority of references to peer-reviewed evidence in this sample of alcohol industry policy submissions were misleading with examples of citations being presented as supportive of arguments that the original evidence source specifically argued against. This suggests that even the depiction of peer-reviewed evidence within alcohol industry policy submissions needs to be treated with caution