Review of the Cloacininae Stossich (Nemata: Strongyloidea) from Australasian marsupials (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea)

The nematode sub-family Cloacininae from Australasian macropodoid marsupials is reviewed. Keys are provided to all genera and species currently known. A revised definition of the sub-family and detailed generic diagnoses are provided. For each species, full synonymies and literature citations are included along with known hosts, geographical distributions and associated DNA sequence data. A brief morphological synopsis of each species is provided together with illustrations of the morphological features needed for identification using the keys. Due to uncertainties relating to the division of the sub-family into tribes, only the nominal allocation to tribe is provided. Two new genera are erected, Sacculostrongylus n. gen. for S. ochetocephalus (Beveridge, 1986) n. comb., formerly placed within Monilonema Beveridge & Johnson, 1981, and Thylicostrongylus n. gen., for several species formerly placed in Wallabinema Beveridge, 1983

The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida)

The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47672/1/441_2004_Article_BF00221599.pd

A new species of Pseudoacanthocephalus (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the guttural toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis (Bufonidae), introduced into Mauritius, with comments on the implications of the introductions of toads and their parasites into the UK

Pseudoacanthocephalus goodmani n. sp. is described from faecal pellets collected from Sclerophrys gutturalis (Power, 1927), the guttural toad. The species is characterized by a suite of characters, including a proboscis armature of 14–18 longitudinal rows of 4–6 hooks with simple roots, lemnisci longer than the proboscis receptacle, equatorial testes, a cluster of elongated cement glands and eggs without polar prolongations of the middle membrane 72.6–85.8 long. The toad had been accidentally translocated from Mauritius to the UK in a tourist's luggage and survived a washing machine cycle. The guttural toad was introduced into Mauritius from South Africa in 1922 and the cane toad, Rhinella marina (Linneaus, 1758), from South America, between 1936 and 1938. It seems most likely, therefore, that P. goodmani was introduced, with the guttural toad, from South Africa. The cane toad is host to the similar species, Pseudoacanthocephalus lutzi, from the Americas, but P. lutzi has not been recorded from places where the cane toad has been introduced elsewhere. Clearly, the guttural toad is a hardy and adaptable species, although it seems unlikely that it could become established in Northern Europe. Nevertheless, any accidental translocation of hosts poses the potential risk of introducing unwanted pathogens into the environment and should be guarded against

Labiobulura (Archeobulura) leptomyidis Smales, 2006, n. sp.

<i>Labiobulura</i> (<i>Archeobulura</i>) <i>leptomyidis</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 1–13)</p> <p> <b>Type Host:</b> <i>Leptomys ernstmayeri</i> Rümmler, 1932</p> <p> <b>Type locality:</b> Kawaya Village, Waruma Mountain, Milne Bay Province (9º 53'S, 149º 22'E), Papua New Guinea</p> <p> <b>Site in host:</b> caecum</p> <p> <b>Date of collection:</b> between 7 August 1992 and 7 September 1993 by P. German.</p> <p> <b>Type material:</b> Holotype male SAM AHC 33916; Allotype female SAM AHC 33917; Paratypes SAM AHC 33915, AM W.30078, W.30065, W.30079, W.30080, W.30081.</p> <p> <b>Other material:</b> from <i>Leptomys ernstmayeri</i> 10 males, 3 females from Munimum Village, Milne Bay Province (9º 53'S, 149º 23'E), coll. P. German between 11 August 1992 and 7 September 1993. From <i>Leptomys elegans</i> Thomas, 1897 3 males, 8 females from Iana River, west of Agaun (9º 87'S, 149º 35'E) coll. A. Englisi, 13 March 1985.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> The specific name is taken from the host genus name.</p> <p> <b>Description:</b> Cuticle with fine annulations and fine longitudinal striations extending posteriorly from base of cervical alae. Cervical alae prominent, extend to base of oesophagus. Mouth opening, circular in outline, bounded by 6 simple lips, 4 submedians each with double papillae, 2 laterals with amphids. Inner circle of 6 smaller papillae not observed. Buccal capsule circular in cross section, with fine transverse ridge at about 1/2 its length; separating anterior part of buccal capsule from pharyngeal part. Pharyngeal lobes, cuticularized, 3 smaller pointed chordal lobes, 3 larger bifid radial lobes freestanding, project anteriorly into buccal cavity, neither helical nor spiral. Peripheral lobes forming shallow cup for chordal and radial lobes. Oesophagus widens gradually to posterior oesophageal bulb, about 1/8 body length. Nerve ring surrounds anterior oesophagus, excretory pore posterior to nerve ring.</p> <p> <i>Male</i>: (Measurements of 10 specimens) Length 9–12 (10.2) mm, width 210–335 (311). Buccal capsule 40–67 (55) long. Oesophagus 1000–1360 (1220) long; bulb 168–234 (200) wide. Nerve ring 270–340 (310), excretory pore 415–535 (475) from anterior end. Spicules similar, slender, with pointed tips 1900–2145 (2005) long. Gubernaculum with sides extending anteriorly, 140–215 (170) long. Tail 160–235 (195) long. Sucker pre-cloacal, elongate without cuticular elaborations; 11 pairs caudal papillae; 3 pairs pre-cloacal, 2 pairs at level of cloaca, 6 pairs post-cloacal.</p> <p> <i>Female</i>: (Measurements of 10 specimens) Length 9–14 (11.3) mm, width 280–380 (320). Buccal capsule 45–56 (49) long. Oesophagus 1150–1360 (1325) long; bulb 168–228 (215) wide. Nerve ring 265–330 (310), excretory pore 495–560 (525) from anterior end. Vagina opens 3825–5140 (4500) from anterior end. Tail conical, with pointed tip 480–590 (535) long. Eggs thin-shelled, sub-globular 64–70 (68) by 47–60 (53), embryonate in utero.</p>Published as part of <i>Smales, Lesley R., 2006, Helminths of the Hydromyini (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Papua New Guinea with the description of a new species of Labiobulura (Nematoda: Ascaridida), pp. 57-68 in Zootaxa 1332</i> on pages 63-65, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174243">10.5281/zenodo.174243</a&gt

Helminth type specimens in the South Australian Museum I. Nematoda

Volume: 18Start Page: 385End Page: 41

Tikusnema intersedis Smales, 2006, sp. nov.

<i>Tikusnema intersedis</i> sp. nov. (Figs. 1–12) <p> Type host: <i>Hydromys chrysogaster</i> Geoffroy, 1804</p> <p>Type locality: Bunala River, Imalele Valley, Ferguson Island, Milne Bay Province (9o30’S, 150o33’E) Papua New Guinea</p> <p>Site in host: stomach</p> <p>Date of collection: between 9 September 1992 and 3 February 1993.</p> <p>Type material: Holotype male SAM AHC 32352, allotype female AHC 32352 paratypes SAM AHC 32354; AMM28576</p> <p>Etymology: The species name refers to its geographic location (New Guinea) lying between Java (Indonesia) and Australia.</p> <p>Description: Long slender worms with tapered extremities, cuticle thin, with fine annulations. Lateral alae absent. Cephalic cuticular leaves each divided into 4–7 teeth, lateral tooth largest. Cordons and dorsal and ventral rim of pseudolabia faintly striated. Muscular pharynx narrower and shorter than glandular region of pharynx.</p> <p>Cephalic end, en face view, optical section through pharynx showing cuticular leaves. 9. Tail tip male. 10. Tail tip female. 11. Vulva, vagina and uteri dissected from body cavity. 12. Right spicule. Scale bars: 1 & 4 = 100 m; 2, 3, & 10 = 50 m; 5, 6, 8, 9, & 12 = 25 m; 7 = 200 m.</p> <p> <i>Male:</i> Length 32 (28–40) mm, width at mid body 375 (255–400). Cephalic end 158 (135–188) long, 195 (160–248) wide. Buccal capsule 245 (208–265) long. Muscular pharynx 450 (335–525), glandular oesophagus 3640 (2950–4760). Deirids anterior to nerve ring 240 (210–280), nerve ring 375 (315–435), excretory pore 525 (470–635) from anterior end. Posterior end curved ventrally in 1–2 loose coils. Caudal papillae arranged in 12 pairs, 4 pairs preanal 8 pairs postanal; preanal pairs large pedunculate 1st and 2nd pairs grouped together, 1st and 3rd lateral to 2nd and 4th; 5th–9th postanal pairs large pedunculate; 10th–12th pairs sessile clustered at tail tip. Longitudinal cuticular ridges present anterior to cloaca. Spicules dissimilar; right spicule shorter, robust 305 (215–370); left spicule with bifid tip enclosed in cup shaped membrane, 950 (870–1040) long, about 1/34 body length. Tail 585 (435–765) long.</p> <p> <i>Female:</i> Length 41.5 (28–50) mm, width at midbody 460 (355–510). Cephalic end 165 (120–195) long, 220 (155–266) wide. Buccal capule 240 (198–275) long. Muscular pharynx 510 (422–603) long; glandular oesophagus 4495 (3705–5440) long. Deirids 240 (125–305), nerve ring 385 (300–410), excretory pore 555 (390–700) from anterior end. Ovejector amphidelphic, vagina vera directed transversely (1 measurement) 200 long, vagina uterina parallel to body wall (1 measurement) 250 long. Vulva circular, without lips, 15 (13.5–17) mm from anterior end. Tail conical, with terminal knob, 480 (340–570) long. Eggs thick shelled 43 (40–46) by 27.5 (26.5–30).</p> <p> <i>Larva</i>: (measurements of 1 specimen). Length 8mm, width at midbody 535. Buccal capsule 150 long. Oesophagus 1750 long; nerve ring 220, excretory pore 400 from anterior end. Cephalic leaves and cordons not developed. Tail 185 long.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p> <i>Tikusnema intersedis</i> sp. nov. is one of 3 species in the genus, each occurring in a murid rodent with a semi­aquatic life style. <i>Tikusnema javaense</i> Hasegawa, Shiraishi & Rochman, 1992 occurs in <i>Rattus argentiventer</i> (Robinson & Kloss, 1916) from Java, Indonesia and <i>Tikusnema vandycki</i> Smales, 1995 in <i>Xeromys myoides</i> Thomas, 1889 from Queensland, Australia. All 3 species have the cephalic end characterized by large triangular pseudolabia, at the posterior end of which are cuticular leaves divided into teeth, separated dorsally and ventrally by cordons that do not extend posteriorly. <i>Tikusnema intersedis</i> differs from its congenors in being an overall larger worm and having up to 7 teeth on the cuticular leaves of the pseudolabia, as compared with 3 teeth in <i>T. javaenese</i> and 4–5 teeth in <i>T. vandycki</i>. <i>Tikiusnema intersedis</i> has a longer left spicule, a shorter female tail, and a shorter buccal capsule, than the other 2 species. It can be further distinguished from <i>T. vandycki</i> in having the deirids anterior to the nerve ring, The eggs of <i>T. intersedis</i> are smaller than those of <i>T. vandycki</i>. <i>Tikusnema intersedis</i> has 12 pairs of caudal papillae including 3 pairs on the tail tip, <i>T. javaense</i> and <i>T. vandycki</i> have 10 pairs with 1 pair on the tail tip. The detailed morphology of the left spicule tip differs in each of the 3 species (Fig. 6, this study; Fig. 7 p.177 Gibbons <i>et al</i> 1992; Fig. 14, p.92, Smales 1995). There are prominent paired cuticular ornamentations on the region of the glandular oesophagus of <i>T. javaense</i> and tiny, difficult to find ornamentations on <i>T. vandycki</i> but none were found on <i>T. intersedis</i>. Comparative measurements of the 3 species are given in Table 2.</p> <p>The single juvenile studied had not yet developed the characteristic cephalic features of the cordons although the structures of oesophagus and buccal capsule were consistent for the genus.</p>Published as part of <i>Smales, Lesley R., 2006, A new acuariid species (Spirurida, Acuariidae) and other nematodes from Hydromys (Muridae, Hydromyinae) from Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, pp. 27-37 in Zootaxa 1110</i> on pages 31-35, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/171528">10.5281/zenodo.171528</a&gt

Centrorhynchus chabaudi , Golvan 1958

Centrorhynchus chabaudi Golvan, 1958 Figs 1-4 MATERIAL EXAMINED: One male, one immature female from Accipiter badius Gmelin, 1788, small intestine; Côte d’Ivoire, Lamto, 12.02.1987, J. Mariaux (MNHG INVE 38488). DESCRIPTION General: Trunk spineless, elongate, sub cylindrical, dilated anteriorly in region of lemnisci and proboscis receptacle. Proboscis in 2 parts, widest anterior to constriction, constriction at insertion of proboscis receptacle about 55-63% of distance from apex to proboscis base. Proboscis armed with 30-34 rows 15-22 hooks and spines. Anterior 4-5 hooks with large simple roots, next 5-6 hooks transitional with short roots with luniform- cresentic manubria, next 6-11 hooks spiniform, inserted on posterior part of proboscis, the more anterior of these with small, roughly triangular shaped roots. Neck spineless, well defined, shorter than broad. Proboscis receptacle double walled. Lemnisci tubular, inserted at base of neck, extend posteriorly beyond proboscis receptacle. Cerebral ganglion located at mid region of proboscis receptacle, just posterior to neck. Principal canals of lacunar system lateral, connected by transverse anastomoses. Male: based on one specimen. Trunk 22 mm long, 1200 at widest part. Proboscis total length 884, greatest width 340, just anterior to constriction; posterior part 374 long. Hooks I-V thorns 55-80 long, hooks V-XI thorns 40-50 long, spines X-XXII 20-40 long. Neck 150 long, 374 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 2250 long, 350 wide; lemnisci 2900 long. Testes oval, tandem, not contiguous, 0.5mm apart; anterior testis, 3.06 mm from anterior end of trunk, 935 long, 425 wide; posterior testis 1020 long, 408 wide. Cement glands elongate, tubular, begin immediately posterior to posterior testis, 11.4 mm long; number not determined; cement ducts elongated, 2805 long; Saefftigen’s pouch and retracted bursa 2210 long; entire male system occupying about 86% trunk length. Female: based on 1 immature female. Trunk 15 mm long, dilated anterior portion 3060 long, 510 wide, main trunk 255 wide. Proboscis partially inverted about 910 long, greatest width 400, just anterior to constriction; posterior part 370 long. Hooks V-VII 30-40 long, spines 20-26. Neck 135 long by 400 wide. Proboscis receptacle 1020 long, 205 wide; lemnisci 3400 long. Genital apparatus not observed, no mature eggs seen. Genital pore sub terminal. et al., 1995, Golvan, 1956, 1957, 1958; Ward, 1956; Dimitrova & Gibson, 2005; and this study. COMMENTS: Centrorhynchus chabaudi was described by Golvan (1958) from two female worms up to 48mm long, main trunk 1000 wide, with a proboscis armature of 30-34 longitudinal rows of 15-16 hooks. The proboscis was 1350 long and 650 wide just anterior to the constriction and 700 wide at the base, with the neck 850 long by 450 wide. Hooks I-V thorns 55-96 long, hooks VI-X thorns 57-67 long, spines XVI 36 long. Neck 450 long, 850 wide at base. The proboscis receptacle was 2200 long by 400 wide and the lemnisci about 2000 long. Golvan (1958) also described the female genital apparatus (uterine bell to genital pore, 2000 long, genital pore sub terminal, at base of distinct terminal digitiform process) and eggs (oval, external shell thickened, sculptured with longitudinal ridges and grooves, 60 long, 23 wide). The type host Gyps africanus (Salvadore, 1865) was given as Pseudogyps africanus, the white backed vulture, collected from Nioro du Sahel in ‘ the Sudan.’ This locality is a town in the Kayes Region of the Republic of Mali bordering on the Côte d’Ivoire to the south. There have been no further records of C. chabaudi since then. The two specimens, both the male and the immature female, from A. badius from Lamto in the Côte d’Ivoire conformed to the description given by Golvan (1958) as to general body shape and the proportions of the proboscis and lemnisci and in particular to the proportions and shapes of the proboscis hooks and spines. The proboscis armature varied only in the number of spines in each row. The number of spines on the specimens examined by Golvan (1958) is not clear. He describes the proboscis armature as having a total of 15 or 16 hooks, which would give 6- 7 spines per row. In his figure 4, however, a total of 17 hooks is shown. This would suggest 6-8 spines for the specimens from Nioro du Sahel compared with the 10-11 spines for the specimens from Lamto. This variation in number of spines can be accommodated as either individual variation (only four worms having been examined in total) or perhaps host induced variation. The finding of a male specimen of C. chabaudi has enabled the preparation of a more complete description of the species. The number of cement glands, however, three or four, could not be determined from the whole mount of the male and there was no other specimen that could be dissected to confirm the number.Published as part of Smales, Lesley R., 2011, Centrorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) including the description of new species of Centrorhynchus from birds from the Côte d'Ivoire, Africa., pp. 307-318 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 118 (2) on pages 309-311, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.117811, http://zenodo.org/record/582849

Syphacia Longaecauda N. Sp. (Nematoda: Osyuridae) Syphacinea from Melomys SPP. (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya Indonesia

A new oxyurid nematode Syphacia (Syphacia) longaecauda n. sp. is described from the caecum and colon of the hydromyine rodents Melomys monktoni (type host) and M. rubex from Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Syphacia longaecauda has an oval, laterally extended, relatively large cephalic plateau and can be distinguished from other species of Syphacia with similar characters by, amongst other features, tail length. The significance of the distribution of S. longaecauda, apparently restricted to New Guinea, is discussed