Delovanje haloperidola, aminooksisirćetne kiseline i (-)-nuciferina na produženje preživljavanja miševa s tetanusom

Introduction. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a very dangerous, infectious, acute, usually afebrile disease characterised by muscle spasms. The causative agent of the disease is the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This pathogen produces a specifc neurotoxin, termed tetanus toxin, with two components: tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Light chains of tetanospasmin cleavage synaptobrevin, which in turn prevent release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA into the synaptic cleft. The α-motor neurons are, therefore, under no inhibitory control, as a result of which they undergo sustained excitatory discharge causing the characteristic motor spasms of tetanus. Materials and Methods. In this research, we attempted to normalise disorders caused by tetanus toxin by using haloperidol (at doses of 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mg/kg b.w.), alone and in combination with (-)-nuciferine (at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w.) or aminooxyacetic acid (at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w.). Experiments were conducted on albino mice. Experimental tetanus was induced by application of tetanus toxin. Results and Conclusions. Application of haloperidol (alone and in combination with (-)-nuciferine and aminooxyacetic acid) was carried out 24 h following the application of tetanus toxin. It was found that haloperidol, given alone in a dose of 4 mg/kg, prolonged the average survival time of mice with experimental tetanus by 24.35 h compared to the control animals. Additionally, the combination of haloperidol with (-)-nuciferine slightly, but non-signifcantly, extended survival time , while the combination of haloperidol with aminooxyacetic acid produced the best effect on extension of survival time (mice survived on average 27.74 h longer than control mice).Uvod. Tetanus je veoma opasna, akutna, obično afebrilna bolest koju karakteriše mišićni spazam. Uzročnik obolenja je bakterija Clostridium tetani, koja proizvodi specifčan neurotoksin ili tetanus toksin. Toksin se sastoji od dve komponente: tetanospazmina i tetanolizina. Laki lanac tetanospazmina cepa sinaptobrevin, što za posledicu ima sprečavanje oslobađanje inhibitornog neurotransmitera GABA u sinaptički procep. Funkcija ekscitatornih neurotransmitera ostaje očuvana, te pod njihovim uticajem dolazi do grča skeletne muskulature. Materijali i metode. U ovom istraživanju pokušali smo normalizovati poremećaje uzrokovane tetanus toksinom koristeći haloperidol (u dozama od 4, 5, 6, 7 i 8 mg/ kg t.m.), samostalno i u kombinaciji sa (-)-nuciferinom (u dozi od 5 mg/kg t.m.) i aminooksirćetnom kiselinom (u dozi od 20 mg/kg t.m.). Kompletno istraživanje je sprovedeno na albino miševima. Eksperimentalni tetanus izazvan je aplikacijom tetanus toksina. Rezultati i zaključak. Primena haloperidola (samo i u kombinaciji sa (-)-nuciferinom i aminooksirćetnom kiselinom) vršena je 24 sata nakon aplikacije tetanus toksina. Haloperidol, aplikovan u dozi od 4 mg/kg t.m., produžio je vreme preživljavanja miševa s eksperimentalnim tetanusom za oko 24.35 sati u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu životinja, te smo ovu dozu smatrali jedino opravdanom za dalja istraživanja. Kombinacija haloperidola s (-)-nuciferinom neznatno produžava vreme preživljavanja, dok je kombinacija haloperidola sa aminooksirćetnom kiselinom imala nabolji efekt na produženje ovog perioda. Period preživljavanja je produžen oko 27.74 sata u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu životinja

Utvrđivanje histaminskih receptora h1 tipa u tankom crevu brojlera primenom histamina i nekih njegovih agonista i antagonista

Histamine is a biologically active amine (biogenic amine) that has a broad spectra of physiologic and pathologic reactions in the organism. Its effects are shown through 4 types of specific receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4). Histamine is one of the main causes of intestine disorders and the occurrence of diarrhea, both of which are very common in broilers. Whilst there is no information in scientific literature about the presence of histaminic receptors in smooth muscles of the small intestine wall of broilers (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), we tried to determine their presence, distribution and type in this kind of muscles. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscles of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strip was then placed in an isolated organ bath and the contractions obtained were registered with isometric transducers on a two-channel printer. This was done following the addition of histamine, betahistine (H1 agonist), and mepiramine (H1 antagonist). Muscle vitality was checked by adding acethylcholine chloride. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that H1 types of histaminergic receptors are present in smooth muscles of the small intestine of broilers. .Histamin je biološki aktivni amin (biogeni amin) koji ima širok spektar fizioloških i patoloških delovanja u organizmu. Svoje delovanje ispoljava preko četiri tipa specifičnih receptora (H1, H2, H3i H4). Histamin je jedan od glavnih uzroka poremećaja funkcije creva i nastanka proliva, koji su kod brojlera česti. Pošto u stručnoj literaturi nema podataka o zastupljenosti histaminskih receptora u glatkoj muskulaturi zida tankog creva (duodenuma, jejunuma i ileuma) brojlera, pokušali smo utvrditi njihovu zastupljenost, distribuciju i vrstu u ovoj muskulaturi. Ispitivanja su vršena na izoliranoj glatkoj muskulaturi cirkularnog i longitudinalnog sloja sva tri dela tankog creva brojlera (strip dimenzija 3-4 mm x 2 cm). Mišićni strip je postavljen u kupatilo za izolirane organe, a izazvane kontrakcije su registrovane na dvokanalnom pisaču izometrijskim transdjuserima, nakon dodavanja histamina, betahistina (H1 agonist) i mepiramina (H1 antagonist). Vitalnost glatke muskulature tankog creva brojlera smo proveravali dodavanjem acetilholina. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata se može zaključiti da su histaminergični receptori H1 tipa zastupljeni u glatkoj muskulaturi sva tri segmenta tankog creva brojlera

Occurrence of vero-toxin producing strains of E.coli in raw produced in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sojevi bakterije Escherichia coli koji proizvode verotoksin (VTEC) su u prošlosti povezivani s pojavom masovnih kao i pojedinačnih slučajeva otrovanja mesom i mesnim proizvodima. Simptomi oboljenja su polazili od “jednostavnih” proljeva preko hemoragičnog kolitisa do hemolitičko-uremičkog sindroma (HUS). Dominantni VTEC serotip je O157:H7, koji je jedan od najčešćih uzročnika epidemija bolesti uzrokovanih hranom u cijelom svijetu. Zbog činjenice da se gore spomenuti patogeni veoma često pojavljuju kod goveda, kontrola kontaminacije hrane bi trebala počinjati na nivou farmi i klaonica. Ciljevi našeg istraživanja su bili da ustanovimo zastupljenost VTEC sojeva kod goveda u klaonicama na području Bosne i Hercegovine, te u goveđem mesu i mesnim proizvodima. Ukupno je pretraženo 2040 uzoraka od čega 1560 briseva i 480 uzoraka mesa i mesnih proizvoda. Od ukupnog broja uzoraka, devet je bilo pozitivno na prisustvo verotoksičnih sojeva E. coli, i to šest od njih porijeklom iz klaonice, i tri iz uzoraka mesa. Među njima pet uzoraka je identificiranokao O157:H7, tri kao O96:H19, a jedan kao O27:H7 soj. Važnost istraživanja se može vidjeti u činjenici da je ono rezultiralo prvom izolacijom i identifikacijomverotoksičnihsojeva E. coli u Bosni i Hercegovini.Vero-toxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) have been associated with both, outbreaks and sporadic cases of human disease, ranging from uncomplicated diarrhoea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). The dominant VTEC serotype is O157:H7, which is also most commonly involved in large outbreaks all over the world. Due to the fact that the above named pathogens also frequently occur in cattle, control of food contamination ought to begin with control of pathogens in domestic animal populations. The objective of our research was to investigate occurrence of VTEC strains in cattle and beef along the feedlot – slaughterhouse chain in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We collected and investigated the total of 2040 samples, out of which 1560 of swabs (swabs of working areas and hands of workers in slaughterhouses and beef specimens) and 480 samples of beef meat and meat products. Out of all the samples, nine strains, which were isolated from swabs from slaughterhouse (six) and meat specimens (three), were identifiedasVTECpositive. Among them, fivestrainswereidentifiedasO157:H7,three as O96:H19 and one as O27:H7. Importance of our research may be seen in fact that our investigation resulted in the first isolation and identification of VTEC strains in Bosnia and Herzegovina and particularly identification of O157:H7 strain, one of worldwide most prevalent foodborne pathogen

Utvrđivanje serotonergičnih receptora 5HT1A tipa u tankom crijevu brojlera primjenom serotonina i njegovih agonista i antagonista

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised from L-tryptophan in serotonergic neurons and enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This neurotransmitter is widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdom and regulates some central and peripheral functions through several types of specific serotonergic (5-HT) receptors. Since it is known that the effect of serotonin, especially in pathological conditions, is very important, we believe that determining the types of receptors for this substance would make it possible to use their agonist or antagonists, which would undoubtedly enhance the pharmacotherapy of functional disruption of the small intestine in broilers. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscle strips of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations was recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selective 5-HT1A agonist) and spiroxatrin (selective 5-HT1A antagonist). The sensitivity of the tissues to acetylcholine was tested before starting the experiments. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that 5HT1A type receptors are present in smooth muscles of the broiler small intestine, duodenum and ileum, especially in the longitudinal smooth muscle layer which reacted with contractions even to low serotonin concentration (10-6), but not in the jejunum.Serotonin ili 5-hidroksitriptamin (5-HT) je monoaminski neurotransmiter kojeg iz L-triptofana sintetišu serotonergični neuroni i enterohrmofine ćelije gastrointestinalnog trakta. Ovaj neurotransmiter se nalazi kod velikog broja životinja i biljaka i reguliše neke centralne i periferne funkcije posredstvom nekoliko tipova specifičnih serotonergičnih (5- HT) receptora. Pošto je poznato da je efekat serotonina,posebno u patološkim uslovima, veoma značajan, mi mislimo da određivanje tipa receptora za ovu supstancu može učiniti mogućom upotrebu njenih agonista ili antagonista, što bi nedvosmisleno povećalo farmakoterapiju poremećaja funkcije tankog creva kod brojlera. Istraživanja su izvršena na izolovanim trakama glatkih mišića kružnog i uzdužnog sloja tankog creva brojlera (dimenzije trake 3-4 mm x 2 cm). Trake mišića su bile stavljane u kupatila za izolovane organe. Mehanička aktivnost preparata je registrovana pomoću izotoničnog transdjusera povezanog sa štampačem. Registrovanje je vršeno posle dodavanja serotonina (neselektivni 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selektivni agonist) i spiroksatrina (selektivni 5-HT1A antagonist). Osetljivost tkiva na acetilholin testirana je pre početka eksperimenta. Imajući u vidu dobijene rezultate može se zaključiti da su receptori 5HT1A tipa prisutni u glatkim mišićima tankog creva brojlera, duodenumu i ileumu, posebno u uzdužnom sloju glatkih mišića koji je reagovao kontrakcijama čak i na niske koncentracije serotonina (10-6), ali ne i u jejunumu

Detection of enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat by microbiological (growth inhibition test) and ELISA method after experimental prophylactic and therapeutic application

Sažetak U radu su predstavljeni rezultati detekcije ostataka enrofloksacina u mišićnom tkivu i tkivu jetre brojlera nakon eksperimentalne aplikacije profilaktičkih i terapijskih doza ispitujućeg lijeka. Za detekciju ostataka enrofloksacina u mišićnom tkivu i tkivu jetre korištene su dvije metode: mikrobiološka metoda (test inhibicije rasta) i ELISA test. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati pouzdanost metode mikrobiološkog testa inhibicije rasta (difuzijska metoda) uz primjenu referentnog soja E. coli ATCC 10 536 kao test-mikroorganizma za detekciju rezidua enrofloksacina u konzumnom mesu brojlera, te usporediti primijenjene metode. Phi koeficijentom korelacije ustanovljeno je da postoji statistički visoko signifikantna pozitivna korelacija (p << 0,001) između podataka mikrobiološke i ELISA metode i u uzorcima mišićnog tkiva i u tkivu jetre, te da u eksperimentalnim uvjetima, mikrobiološka i ELISA metoda daju jednako pouzdane rezultate detekcije dozvoljenih količina rezidua enrofloksacina, iako je riječ o različitim mjerama (mm ili ppb) istog fenomena.The paper presents detection results of enrofloxacin residues in muscle tissue and liver tissue of broiler chickens after the experimental application of prophylactic and therapeutic doses of the investigated drug. Two methods were used for the detection of enrofloxacin residues in muscle and liver tissue, and they are: microbiological method (growth inhibition test) and ELISA test. The aim of this research was to examine the reliability of the microbiological growth inhibition test (diffusion method) with the application of reference strain E. coli ATCC 10 536 as the microorganism- test for the detection of enrofloxacin residues in broiler meat and to compare the applied methods. By using phi correlation coefficient it was determined that there is a statistically very significant positive correlation (p <<0.001) between the data of the microbiological and ELISA method and in samples of muscle tissue and liver tissue. There was also determined that, in experimental conditions, both microbiological and ELISA method achieve equally positive results in the detection of the allowed quantities of enrofloxacin residues, although they are different measures (mm or ppb) of the same phenomenon

Determinación de la presencia de los hongos Aspergillus flavus y Aspergillus parasiticus en la carne de res seca

Za potrebe istraživanja ukupno je uzeto 139 uzoraka goveđeg suhog mesa od individualnih i industrijskih proizvođača suhomesnatih proizvoda. Kada su u pitanju zanatlijski proizvođači sa sarajevskog tržišta, uzorkovano je ukupno 110 uzoraka goveđeg suhog mesa u rinfuznom stanju i vakuum pakovanju. Također, ispitano je ukupno 29 uzoraka goveđeg suhog mesa porijeklom od industrijskih proizvođača, u rinfuzi i vakuum pakovanju. Cilj je istraživanja bio izolirati potencijalno prisutne gljivice Aspergillus flavus i Aspergillus parasiticus i odrediti njihovo prisustvo u spomenutim suhomesnatim proizvodima.139 samples of dry beef meat were taken for the research purposes from the individual and industrial manufacturer of charcuterie. Regarding craft manufacturers from the Sarajevo market, the total of 110 samples of dry beef meat was sampled in bulk and vacuum packaging. Also, the total of 29 samples of dry beef meat was examined from the industrial manufacturers, both in bulk and vacuum packaging. The aim of the research was to isolate potentially present Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi and determine their presence in the mentioned charcuterie.Die primäre Bedeutung für die Qualität traditioneller Fleischprodukte liegt in der Wahl des Schweinegenotyps für die Produktion der Fleischrohstoffe. Nicht alle Schweinegenotypen sind für die Herstellung von Dauerfleischprodukten gleichermaßen geeignet. Die Wahl des Genotyps hängt auch vom System ab, wie das Schwein während der Mast gehalten wurde. Für die Schweinemast im offenen und halb offenen System sind weniger produktive und widerstandsfähigere Rassen geeignet, und für die Intensivmast im geschlossenen System sind Schweinegenotypen geeignet, die eine gute Qualität der Schweinehälften und des Fleisches bei höherem Körpergewicht ergeben. Die Wahl des Schweinegenotyps hat bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Produktivität der Schweine während der Mast (täglicher Zuwachs, Futterverwertung), auf die Qualität ihrer Rümpfe (Hälften) und mittelbar auch auf die Qualität der Dauerfleischprodukte.Per le esigenze della ricerca sono stati prelevati 139 campioni di carne bovina essiccata da produttori artigianali e industriali di salumi. Per quanto riguarda i produttori artigianali operanti sul mercato di Sarajevo, sono stati prelevati 110 campioni d’insaccati commercializzati in parte alla rinfusa, in parte sottovuoto. L’analisi ha anche riguardato complessivamente 29 campioni di carne bovina essiccata di produzione industriale, anch’essi commercializzati in parte alla rinfusa, in parte sottovuoto. Scopo della ricerca era quello d’isolare la potenziale presenza dei funghi Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus e stabilire la loro presenza negli anzidetti prodotti insaccati.Para fines de investigación fueron tomadas 139 muestras de la carne de res seca de los productores individuales e industriales de los productos cárnicos crudo-curados. Cuando se trata de la fabricación artesanal de carne en el mercado de Sarajevo, fueron muestreadas 110 muestras de la carne de res seca a granel y envasadas al vacío. También fueron investigadas 29 muestras de la carne de res seca de los productores industriales, a granel y envasadas al vacío. El objetivo de la investigación fue aislar hongos Aspergillus flavus y Aspergillus parasiticus potencialmente presentes, y determinar su presencia en los productos cárnicos crudo-curados mencionados

Detection of enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat by microbiological (growth inhibition test) and ELISA method after experimental prophylactic and therapeutic application

Sažetak U radu su predstavljeni rezultati detekcije ostataka enrofloksacina u mišićnom tkivu i tkivu jetre brojlera nakon eksperimentalne aplikacije profilaktičkih i terapijskih doza ispitujućeg lijeka. Za detekciju ostataka enrofloksacina u mišićnom tkivu i tkivu jetre korištene su dvije metode: mikrobiološka metoda (test inhibicije rasta) i ELISA test. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati pouzdanost metode mikrobiološkog testa inhibicije rasta (difuzijska metoda) uz primjenu referentnog soja E. coli ATCC 10 536 kao test-mikroorganizma za detekciju rezidua enrofloksacina u konzumnom mesu brojlera, te usporediti primijenjene metode. Phi koeficijentom korelacije ustanovljeno je da postoji statistički visoko signifikantna pozitivna korelacija (p << 0,001) između podataka mikrobiološke i ELISA metode i u uzorcima mišićnog tkiva i u tkivu jetre, te da u eksperimentalnim uvjetima, mikrobiološka i ELISA metoda daju jednako pouzdane rezultate detekcije dozvoljenih količina rezidua enrofloksacina, iako je riječ o različitim mjerama (mm ili ppb) istog fenomena.The paper presents detection results of enrofloxacin residues in muscle tissue and liver tissue of broiler chickens after the experimental application of prophylactic and therapeutic doses of the investigated drug. Two methods were used for the detection of enrofloxacin residues in muscle and liver tissue, and they are: microbiological method (growth inhibition test) and ELISA test. The aim of this research was to examine the reliability of the microbiological growth inhibition test (diffusion method) with the application of reference strain E. coli ATCC 10 536 as the microorganism- test for the detection of enrofloxacin residues in broiler meat and to compare the applied methods. By using phi correlation coefficient it was determined that there is a statistically very significant positive correlation (p <<0.001) between the data of the microbiological and ELISA method and in samples of muscle tissue and liver tissue. There was also determined that, in experimental conditions, both microbiological and ELISA method achieve equally positive results in the detection of the allowed quantities of enrofloxacin residues, although they are different measures (mm or ppb) of the same phenomenon

Detección de histamina en muestras de pescado fresco y en conserva

Histamin (eng. scombrotoxin) nastaje djelovanjem enzima histidin dekarboksilaza, koju proizvode različite bakterije, na aminokiselinu histidin, a otrovanje ljudi se javlja kao rezultat konzumacije hrane s visokom koncentracijom histamina. Komercijalni uzorci konzervirane i svježe ribe analizirani su na prisustvo i količinu histamina ELISA metodom. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju potrebu za stalnom kontrolom prisustva histamina u namirnicama koje su bogate proteinima (riba, sir, mlijeko, meso) i vinu, čime se nastoji osigurati prevencija otrovanja ljudi.Histamine (scombrotoxin) is produced by the action of histidine decarboxylase, enzyme of the certain bacteria, on the amino acid histidine, and poisoning occurs as a result of food consumption which contains histamine in high concentrations. Commercial canned and fresh sea fish samples were analysed for the presence and amount of histamine by ELISA method. The obtained results confirm the need for constant control of the presence of histamine in foods rich in proteins (such as fish, cheese, milk, meat) and wine, with aim to ensure the prevention of consumers poisoning.Histamin (eng. scombrotoxin) entsteht durch die Wirkung des Enzyms Histidin-Decarboxylase, das von diversen Bakterien erzeugt wird, auf die Aminosäure Histidin. Vergiftungen bei Menschen entstehen infolge eines Konsums von Lebensmitteln mit zu hohen Histaminkonzentrationen. Die kommerziellen Proben von konserviertem und frischem Fisch wurden auf die Anwesenheit und den Anteil von Histamin anhand der ELISA Methode untersucht. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse bestätigen die Notwendigkeit einer kontinuierlichen Kontrolle der Anwesenheit von Histamin in proteinreichen Nahrungsmitteln (Fisch, Käse, Milch, Fleisch) und Wein, wodurch Vergiftungen bei Menschen vorgebeugt werden sollten.L\u27istamina (in inglese: scombrotoxin) deriva dall\u27azione dell\u27enzima istidina decarbossilasi, prodotto da vari batteri, sull\u27aminoacido istidina. L’avvelenamento alimentare nell’uomo si manifesta come risultato della consumazione di cibo con un’alta concentrazione d’istamina. Lo studio s’è occupato di accertare la presenza e la quantità d’istamina in vari campioni in commercio di pesce in scatola e di pesce fresco con il metodo ELISA. I risultati ottenuti confermano la necessità di un continuo controllo circa la presenza dell’istamina nei cibi ricchi di proteine (pesce, formaggio, latte, carne) e nel vino, al fine di garantire un’azione preventiva sul rischio d’avvelenamento dei consumatori.La histamina (en. scombrotoxin) es el producto de la descarboxilación del aminoácido histidina catalizado por enzima histidin descaboxilasa, producida por diferentes bacterias y la intoxicación de los humanos es el resultado del consumo de comida con una alta concentración de la histamina. Las muestras comerciales del pescado fresco y en conserva fueron analizados por el método ELISA para determinar la presencia y la cantidad de la histamina. Los resultados confirman la necesidad del control constante de presencia de la histamina en los productos alimenticios ricos en proteina (pescado, queso, leche, carne) y en vino, con lo que se trata de a prevenir la intoxicación de los humanos

Rezidue nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla

Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production. Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the 'Regulation on the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products of animal origin', published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which is 1 μg/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be performed.Nitrofurani su sintetski antimikrobici širokog spektra koji se često koriste u masovnoj animalnoj proizvodnji zbog svojih odličnih antibakterijskih i farmakokinetičkih svojstava. Međutim, nitrofurani i njihovi metaboliti su pokazali da imaju potencijalne kancerogene i mutagene karakteristike, zbog čega je zabranjena njihova upotreba u profilaksi i terapiji životinja koje se koriste za proizvodnju hrane. Metaboliti nitrofurana koji se mogu utvrditi nakon njihove aplikacije su: metabolit furazolidona, metabolit furaltadona, metabolit nitrofurantoina i metabolit nitrofurazona. Prisustvo rezidua nitrofurana u mesu, ribi i škampima, te mleku i jajima poreklom iz zemalja van Evropske unije se prati i beleži putem RASFF sistema Evropske unije. Pošto se nitrofurani još uvek koriste u nekim zemljama kao profilaktička sredstva i promotori rasta, potrebno je sprovoditi stalnu kontrolu različitih vrsta namirnica animalnog porekla. U Bosni i Hercegovini ne postoji stalna kontrola nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla. U odredbama 'Pravilnika o maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama veterinarskih lekova i pesticida u proizvodima životinjskog porekla' objavljenog u Službenom glasniku Bosne i Hercegovine se navodi zabrana primene određenih veterinarskih lekova kod životinja koje se koriste za proizvodnju hrane namenjene ishrani ljudi, među kojima se nalaze i nitrofurani. Evropska Unija je ustanovila i minimalnu potrebnu granicu performance (MRPL) metoda koja iznosi 1 μg/kg nitrofurana za jestiva tkiva životinjskog porekla. Uzevši sve ovo u obzir, trebalo bi izvršiti akreditaciju i validaciju metoda, kako 'screening' tako i konfirmativnih, te nakon toga ponovo sprovesti daljnja istraživanja prisustva nitrofurana u namirnicama animalnog porekla u Bosni i Hercegovini

Methods for identification of animal protein origin

Identifikacija vrste mesa odnosno vrste animalnih bjelančevina vrši se u mnogim zemljama iz različitih razloga, kako ekonomskih tako i religijskih i zdravstvenih. Cilj te identifikacije je sprečavanje zamjene odgovarajućeg mesa, namijenjenog za ljudsku upotrebu, s neodgovarajućim ili manje vrijednim. Identifikaciju vrste mesa često otežava termička obrada mesa i proizvoda od mesa jer tijekom ovih procesa dolazi do promjene svojstava i sastava mesa, što se naročito odnosi na bjelančevine i masti. Kvalitativna identifikacija vrste mesa je uvijek na prvom mjestu. Analitička identifikacija vrste je zasnovana na izdvajanju njenih specifičnih dijelova i svojstava, koje su genetski određene. Na osnovi primijenjenog principa detekcije moguće je razlikovati određene skupine metoda kao što su fizikalno-kemijske,serološke i molekularno-biološke metode.Identification of meat species or proteins of animal origin is being used in many countries from different reasons, like economic as well as religious and health reasons. The aim is to prevent replacement of the appropriate meat, assigned for human nutrition, with unsuitable or less valuable types. The actual identification of animal species is very often made difficult in heat treated meat products because during this process, characteristics and content of components of meat parts change. This is especially true with proteins and fat. Qualitative identification of meat species is always a primary issue. Analytical identification of one species rests on separation of specific components and their characteristics, which have been genetically determined. According to the applied principles of detection, it is possible to differentiate various groups of methods such as physical-chemical, serological and molecular-biological methods