Relationship between parental feeding styles and eating behaviours of Dutch children aged 6-7.

The present study assessed the relationship between parental feeding styles and dietary intake behaviours of Dutch children aged 6-7. Associations between feeding styles and dietary behaviours of the parents were also examined. We translated the validated 'Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire' and evaluated its factor structure. A cross-sectional survey was completed by one of the parents of 135 children. Results indicated considerable similarity of factor structure, internal reliability and between-subscale correlations with the original instrument. The parental feeding dimensions of 'instrumental feeding' (i.e. using food as a reward) and 'emotional feeding' (i.e. feeding in response to children's emotional distress) were positively related to children's snacking behaviour. The feeding style 'encouragement to eat' was negatively associated with children's snacking behaviour. Various feeding styles were found to be related to parental dietary behaviours. Findings indicate the importance of acknowledging parental feeding styles in future research efforts as well as in the development of family-based interventions promoting healthy eating habits among children

Validating the Children's Behavior Questionnaire in Dutch children: Psychometric properties and a cross-cultural comparison of factor structures

In this article, we examined the factorial validity of the Dutch translation of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Very Short Form scores. In addition, we conducted cross-cultural comparisons of temperament structure. In total, 353 parents of 6- to 8-year-olds completed the instrument. The original higher order factor structure of the different CBQ forms was generally replicated and represented the three broad dimensions of temperament: Surgency/Extraversion, Negative Affectivity, and Effortful Control. For the Standard Form, results demonstrated a relatively high degree of factor similarity of the Dutch sample with other cultures (e.g., China and Japan). The findings provide evidence for applicability of the CBQ in Western Europe as a promising instrument to comprehensively assess reactive and self-regulative temperamental dimensions in young children

Interventions addressing general parenting to prevent or treat childhood obesity

Abstract Observational studies increasingly emphasize the impact of general parenting on the development of childhood overweight and obesity. The aim of the current literature review was to provide an overview of interventions addressing general parenting in order to prevent or treat childhood obesity. Electronic literature databases were systematically searched for relevant studies. Seven studies were eligible for inclusion. The studies described four different general parenting programs, which were supplemented with lifestyle components (i.e., physical activity and nutrition). All studies showed significant small to moderate intervention effects on at least one weight-related outcome measure. The current review shows that despite the emerging observational evidence for the role of parenting in children's weight-related outcomes, few interventions have been developed that address general parenting in the prevention of childhood obesity. These interventions provide evidence that the promotion of authoritative parenting is an effective strategy for the prevention and management of childhood obesity

General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: a review

Abstract Despite emerging efforts to investigate the influence parents have on their children's weight status and related dietary and activity behaviors, reviews regarding the role of general parenting are lacking. We performed a systematic review regarding the relationship between general parenting and these weight-related outcomes to guide observational research. In total, 36 studies were included. Discrepancies across studies were found, which may be explained by differences in conceptualization of parenting constructs. Overall, however, results suggest that children raised in authoritative homes ate more healthily, were more physically active and had lower BMI levels, compared to children who were raised with other styles (authoritarian, permissive/indulgent, uninvolved/neglectful). Findings of some moderation studies indicate that general parenting has a differential impact on children's weight-related outcomes, depending on child and parental characteristics. These findings underline the importance of acknowledging interactions between general parenting and both child and parent characteristics, as well as behavior-specific parenting practices

Food parenting practices and child dietary behavior. Prospective relations and the moderating role of general parenting

Research on parenting practices has focused on individual behaviors failing to consider the context of their use, i.e., general parenting. examined the extent to which food parenting practices predict children's behavior (classified as unhealthy: snacking, sugar-sweetened beverage; healthy: water and fruit intake). Furthermore, we tested the moderating general parenting on this relationship. Within the KOALA Birth Cohort the Netherlands, questionnaire data were collected at 6 and 8 years (N = Correlations were computed to assess the association between food practices and general parenting (i.e., nurturance, behavioral control, coercive control, and overprotection). Linear regression models were assess whether food parenting practices predict dietary behavior. and emotional feeding, and pressure to eat were found to have undesirable child dietary behavior (increased unhealthy intake/decreased intake), whereas associations were in the desirable direction for covert encouragement and restriction. Moderation analyses were performed by interactions with general parenting. The associations of encouragement control with desirable child dietary behaviors were found to be stronger children who were reared in a positive parenting context. Future assess the influence of contextual parenting factors moderating the between food parenting and child dietary behavior as the basis for the development of more effective family-based interventions

Adolescent impulsivity and soft drink consumption: The role of parental regulation

The present study aimed to explore the process in which impulsivity might influence soft drink consumption in adolescents, addressing potential mediating effects of perceived parental regulation regarding unhealthy eating. A cross-sectional survey was performed among 440 13-15-year-olds in Eastern Norway. The survey questionnaire included measures of impulsivity, six types of maternal and paternal regulation (as perceived by the adolescents), and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Parallel multiple-mediator analyses were performed to reveal potential mediating effects of perceived parental regulatory behaviors on the association between adolescent impulsivity and SSB consumption. Separate models were run for maternal and paternal regulation. Results from our model analyses (both maternal and paternal models) indicated that all the six measured parental regulatory behaviors jointly acted as mediators on the association between adolescent impulsivity and SSB consumption. However, only perceived maternal and paternal legitimacy of regulation showed a unique contribution to the mediated effect. This finding suggests that adolescents' perception of parental legitimate authority is of particular importance in explaining the relationship between impulsivity and unhealthy eating behaviors in adolescents. Future nutrition interventions targeting adolescents and their parents should take personal factors such as adolescents' level of impulsivity into account. Ultimately; what may be an appropriate approach to impulsive individuals and their parents may diverge from what may be an appropriate approach to less impulsive individuals and their parents

Correlates of dietary behavior in adults: an umbrella review

CONTEXT: Multiple studies have been conducted on correlates of dietary behavior in adults, but a clear overview is currently lacking. OBJECTIVE: An umbrella review, or review-of-reviews, was conducted to summarize and synthesize the scientific evidence on correlates and determinants of dietary behavior in adults. DATA SOURCES: Eligible systematic reviews were identified in four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Only reviews published between January 1990 and May 2014 were included. STUDY SELECTION: Systematic reviews of observable food and dietary behavior that describe potential behavioral determinants of dietary behavior in adults were included. After independent selection of potentially relevant reviews by two authors, a total of 14 reviews were considered eligible. DATA EXTRACTION: For data extraction, the importance of determinants, the strength of the evidence, and the methodological quality of the eligible reviews were evaluated. Multiple observers conducted the data extraction independently. DATA SYNTHESIS: Social-cognitive determinants and environmental determinants (mainly the social-cultural environment) were included most often in the available reviews. Sedentary behavior and habit strength were consistently identified as important correlates of dietary behavior. Other correlates and potential determinants of dietary behavior, such as motivational regulation, shift work, and the political environment, have been studied in relatively few studies, but results are promising. CONCLUSIONS: The multitude of studies conducted on correlates of dietary behavior provides mixed, but sometimes quite convincing, evidence. However, because of the generally weak research design of the studies covered in the available reviews, the evidence for true determinants is suggestive, at best