An Analysis of Specialist Surgeons and their Practices

A purposive sample of South African doctors provided data for the analysis of revenues, costs and earnings associated with specialist surgical medicine. Empirical analysis of the data, based on both nonparametric and parametric regression, finds that practice revenues increase by, on average, between R690 and R1050 per new patient, while costs increase by between R690 and 750 per patient. The total number of surgeries performed is not a consistently significant predictor of revenues, although it is a consistently cubic determinant of costs. In terms of total earnings, the total number of patients tends to decrease earnings, while the number of new patients increases earnings. Due to the low response rate in the survey, there is a a need to conduct further research into this topic, to provide better information to both specialists and the South African Department of Health, which sets pay packages for public sector health workers.

The effect of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on chromosomal radiosensitivity

Introduction: Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) has led to an improvement in survival of HIV infected individuals. Some of them will develop cancer during the course of their infection and will require radiation therapy. HIV positive cancer patients have presented with adverse side effects of radiotherapy and elevated chromosomal radiosensitivity. This study investigated if ART has an influence on chromosomal radiosensitivity of HIV positive individuals. Methods and Materials: Blood samples from 60 HIV positive individuals were in vitro exposed to doses of X-rays of 0, 2 and 4Gy and chromosomal radiosensitivity was assessed with the micronucleus assay. The micronucleus assay was also performed on lymphocytes of a group of non HIV-infected health care workers taking prophylactic post-exposure ART to measure the effect of these ART drugs on chromosomal radiosensitivity without HIV as a confounding factor. Results: All HIV patients (those on ART and without ART) had significantly higher radiation induced Micronuclei (MN) than healthy controls. The MN yields increased in the HIV patients taking ART compared to HIV patients not on treatment. The evaluation of chromosomal radiosensitivity of health care workers on ART revealed no effects of ART. Conclusions: HIV positive individuals show an increased chromosomal radiosensitivity. Antiretroviral treatment given to HIV positive individuals can lead to enhanced chromosomal radiosensitivity and therefore impose higher risks for radiotherapy side effects in these patients

Parental access to minors' health records in the South African health care context: concerns and recommendations

Privacy and confidentiality have long been recognized as essential elements of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients should feel free to disclose the most intimate and private medical facts about themselves to their physicians in order to facilitate optimal patient care. Medical records, whether and-written or electronic, also play an important role in other contexts, such as medical research, health care management and financial audit. In South Africa there is little consistency in approaches to patient confidentiality. There are also no national standards or policies on patient confidentiality, apart from specific ethical rules, some ad hoc statutory provisions and general constitutional provisions not directly related to the intricacies of the doctor-patient relationship. A closer look at the relevant statutory provisions reveal the existence of conflicting standards, most notably in respect of parental access to a minors' health records. The purpose of this paper is to examine the discrepancies and contradictory provisions relating to the access to and disclosure of health information, in particular parental access to health records of minors. In the final instance, some recommendations will be suggested

Keynote Address: Orwell\u27s Ghost: How Teletechnology Is Reshaping Civil Society

Keynote Address as prepared for delivery before The 2008 YouTube Election?: The Role and Influence of 21st-Century Media Symposium held on March 13, 2008 at The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law. Copyright © N.J. Slabbert 2008

Legal issues relating to the use of surrogate mothers in the practice of assisted conception

The statutory regulation of surrogate motherhood in the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is fraught with practical, legal and ethical problems. Healthcare professionals specialising in assisted conception are often confronted with practical scenarios for which the Children’s Act does not provide clear answers. The purpose of this article is to briefly examine some of these questions against the background of the relevant legislation and recent case law

Acid tolerance and organic acid susceptibility of selected food-borne pathogens

Published ArticleThe development of tolerance to low pH levels and the existence of cross-resistance may promote survival of bacteria in acidic foodstuff and in acidic environments such as the human stomach, in so doing escalating the probability of food poisoning. Similar to antimicrobial resistance developing, there is growing concern that effectiveness of organic acids may decrease as a result of the emergence of acid-tolerant food-borne pathogens. The objectives of this study were to determine the development of acid tolerance in selected food-borne pathogenic bacteria and to explore the activity of organic acids against acid tolerant pathogens. Bacterial strains were screened for acid-tolerance and susceptible strains were induced through exposure to increasing concentrations of an inorganic acid, as well as acidic foodstuffs. Susceptibility to six organic acids at various pH levels was assessed in order to evaluate the possible relationship between altered antimicrobial activity and acid tolerance. Salmonella enterica sv. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were found to rapidly develop acid tolerance, while intrinsic acid tolerance was noted in Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium ATCC 14028. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 demonstrated intermediate intrinsic acid tolerance. As expected, pH played a significant role in inhibitory activity of the organic acids as these compounds exhibit optimum antimicrobial activity at a lower pH (pH ≤5). It is, however, necessary to further elucidate the two-way role of pH in foodstuff concomitant to the addition of an organic acid

Keynote Address: Orwell\u27s Ghost: How Teletechnology Is Reshaping Civil Society

Keynote Address as prepared for delivery before The 2008 YouTube Election?: The Role and Influence of 21st-Century Media Symposium held on March 13, 2008 at The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law. Copyright © N.J. Slabbert 2008

The assessment of molecular markers for skin colour determination in the South African population

Molecular markers associated with skin colour need to be investigated to determine viability and discriminatory power within the SA population. The use of phenotyping as a tool to aid forensic investigation is becoming incorporated internationally and its use within SA needs to be considered. This project proposes to examine the association between skin colour and two markers, which have been identified as potentially problematic within mixed ancestry populations. This will be done through designing and analysing a multiplex SNaPshot genotyping assay and independent pigmentation measurements

A framework for acquiring the resources vital for the start-up of a business in South Africa:an African Immigrant’s Perspective

Using a triangulation of three methods, we devise a framework for the acquisition of the resources vital for the start-up of a business in South Africa. Against the backdrop of the fact that numerous challenges prohibit African immigrants from starting a business, let alone growing the business, we set out to investigate how those who succeed acquired the necessary resources. Within the quantitative paradigm, the survey questionnaire was used to collect and analyze the data. To compliment the quantitative approach, personal interviews and focus groups were utilised as the methods within the qualitative approach paradigm. The research revealed that an African immigrant entrepreneur is most likely to be a male between the ages of 19 and 41 who has been forced to immigrate by political circumstances. Once in South Africa, limited job opportunities forced these immigrants into starting-up a business. In order of importance, financial, informational, human and physical, resources were identified as being critical for the start-up a business. With respect to the acquisition of resources, African immigrant entrepreneurs unwillingly made use of personal savings to finance their businesses during the start-up phase of the business. Financial resource played a double role in that it determined the main sources of physical resources used. From a human resource perspective, African immigrant entrepreneurs preferred employing South Africans during the start-up phase of the business, and the reverse was true during the growth phase. To a limited extent family labour was involved at both the start-up as well as the operation phases of the business; with formal education and prior experience playing an indirect role as far as the human resources mixed were concerned. In terms of information, African immigrant entrepreneurs made use of two primary sources of information namely; their ethnic networks and friends from somewhere else.South Africa, African immigrants, business start-up resources, SMMEs,framework, self employment

Combat organ trafficking – reward the donor or regulate sales

There is an acute shortage of transplantable human organs worldwide. The current systems of organ procurement cannot supply in the demand. A new approach is imperative. While countries struggle to find ways of motivating more people to become organ donors, the international illegal black market is thriving. A possible solution to the problem in South Africa might be to change current legislation by confirming human organ trafficking a specific crime as is the case in the United Kingdom. However, more available organs for transplantation in the current recognised system are also essential. To achieve this, it is proposed that donors should be rewarded more effectively, or a regulated market in human organs should be allowed