Cultural differentiation or self-exclusion. On young Turks’ and Repatriates’ dealing with experiences of discrimination in Germany

Based upon Bourdieu’s ‘theory of capital’ and Willis’s ‘theory of cultural production’, the article scrutinizes the interrelation between perceived discrimination, self-exclusion and cultural differentiation. The empirical analysis is based on a longitudinal study by the German Youth Institute, which was set up to explore the transition of young Turks from school to vocational training and employment. The data point out that young immigrants who are dealing with experiences of devaluation of their (origin-)specific cultural capital and who are disadvantaged regarding the accessibility of dominant cultural capital bring about a production of a counterculture. They are less likely to exclude themselves in the sense of internalizing the rightness of the dominant culture

The Impact of COVID-19 on immigration: the transformation of Norwegian migration policy on asylum seekers

Until just a year ago, hardly anyone believed that the increasingly unrestrained growth in mobility could be so abruptly interrupted by a radical immobilisation of large population groups. Neither mobility studies nor other research fields had foreseen this kind of scenario in their mobility and migration models. And why should have they? In the past decades, the belief in unconstrained mobility, as well as the practice of mobility and its scientific modelling, relied on the idea of unbounded growth at the sub-national, national and supra-national level. The article focuses on immigration to Norway, showing how institutional constraints were used to deal with the spread of COVID-19 and how they affected immigration to the country. Due to complexity reasons, we focus exclusively on the situation of asylum seekers, giving additional attention to unaccompanied minors. These groups’ migration status is assumed to make them especially susceptible to the newly established immigration measures. Drawing upon a combined focus of data on migration regulations and asylum application statistics, we examine what impact mobility-related COVID-19 measures implemented in Norway since January 2020 had on asylum procedures, asylum mobility and asylum applications in Norway

Demografie, Ausbildungsmarkt und Ausbildungsreife – Was heißt das für benachteiligte Jugendliche?

Unternehmen und Betriebe beklagen zunehmend, dass sie ihre Ausbildungsstellen nicht besetzen können. Gleichzeitig gibt es aber eine stattliche Anzahl von Jugendlichen, die in Alternativen jenseits von dualer oder berufsfachschulischer Ausbildung einmünden. Für Haupt- und Sonderschüler und Migranten werden sich die Risiken von Ausschluss, Marginalisierung und Prekarität im Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt verschärfen, wenn sich nichts ändert. Der Beitrag skizziert zunächst die Passungsprobleme im Ausbildungsmarkt, dass trotz auffallender demografischer Veränderungen auf der Nachfrageseite die Betriebe zunehmend Besetzungsprobleme von Ausbildungsstellen haben, und zeigt dann Ansätze auf, wie die vorhandenen, aber nicht gewünschten Ausbildungsplatznachfrager in betriebliche Ausbildung zu bringen sind. Dazu gehören u.a. Förderstrategien zum Erreichen des Schulabschlusses und der Ausbildungsreife und die enge Verzahnung der Angebote im Übergangssystem mit dem vollqualifizierenden Berufsbildungssystem. Insgesamt sollte der Fokus von der Demografie wieder verstärkt auf Fragen der Ausbildungschancen gelenkt werden, um damit Bewerbern, die zunehmend als ungeeignet oder nicht ausbildungsreif deklariert werden, doch eine Option in den Betrieben zu eröffnen

Successful placement or displacement in the transition from school to vocational training: the case of lower secondary school pupils

A system of qualification options has evolved that is complementary to companybased and school-based vocational training. Thus far, these alternatives have been largely disregarded by vocational education research. Yet with respect to the number of annual entries, those alternatives are currently nearly as significant as conventional vocational training. However, the question remains still unanswered if those alternatives are to be regarded as opportunities or rather as risk factors in respect of the vocational training or occupational integration of youth entering it. Based on a longitudinal study, the German Youth Institute’s so-called ‘transition panel’ about the causes and effects of educational and vocational training-related pathways upon the occupational integration of young people leaving Hauptschule, the article aims at further investigation of the functions of those alternatives with regard to the integration into vocational training over the course of time

Verlorene Jugendliche am Übergang Schule - Beruf. Empirische Befunde über junge "DropOuts"

Die Altersschicht der Jugendlichen ist eine empirisch stark beforschte Bevölkerungsgruppe – auch und insbesondere deshalb, weil sie als „Seismograph“ bevorstehender gesellschaftlicher Veränderungsprozesse gilt (Albert/ Linssen/ Hurrelmann 2003). Ein in seinem Umfang kaum abzuschätzender Anteil Jugendlicher jedoch wird durch empirische Erhebungen ebenso wenig erfasst wie durch die amtliche Statistik. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Klientel, die aus institutionellen Kontexten als auch dem Hilfesystemen weitgehend herausgefallen sind und von staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Unterstützungstrukturen nicht mehr erreicht werden. Es sind Jugendliche, die sich oft am Rande des Existenzminimums durchs Leben schlagen müssen. Dazu zählen die im Rahmen des SGBII aussanktionierten unter 25-Jährigen, junge Menschen, die obdachlos sind oder sich mit Einkünften aus der Schattenwirtschaft bzw. Kleinkriminalität über Wasser halten (Schreyer/ Götz 2010: 83f). Häufig sind solche stark prekären Lebensformen mit einem hohen Maß an persönlichen Leiderfahrungen verbunden. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird versucht, dem gesellschaftlich brisanten Phänomen „Verlorener Jugendlicher“ anhand empirischer Befunde nachzugehen und daraus sozialpolitische Handlungsfelder und Ansätze abzuleiten

Safety and reliability models of time-dependent systems

The paper concerns models with time dependencies that can be used in modelling dynamic reliability and complex maintenance processes. Emphasis is put on models that have been elaborated with authors participation. The following models are presented: fault trees with time dependencies, probabilistic fault trees with time dependencies, reliability enhanced activity diagrams. The above models are illustrated by examples. Both types of fault trees are used in modelling the time coordination of distance protections in high voltage transmission line. Then reliability enhanced activity diagrams that express the maintenance process of computer system with redundant components. Components are submitted to failures and repairs

Genetic variations in microRNA-binding sites of solute carrier transporter genes as predictors of clinical outcome in colorectal cancer

One of the principal mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in highly frequent solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), is the decreased activity of drug transport into tumor cells due to low expression of important membrane proteins, such as solute carrier (SLC) transporters. Sequence complementarity is a major determinant for target gene recognition by microRNAs (miRNAs). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in target sequences transcribed into messenger RNA may therefore alter miRNA binding to these regions by either creating a new site or destroying an existing one. miRSNPs may explain the modulation of expression levels in association with increased/decreased susceptibility to common diseases as well as in chemoresistance and the consequent inter-individual variability in drug response. In the present study, we investigated whether miRSNPs in SLC transporter genes may modulate CRC susceptibility and patient's survival. Using an in silico approach for functional predictions, we analyzed 26 miRSNPs in 9 SLC genes in a cohort of 1368 CRC cases and 698 controls from the Czech Republic. After correcting for multiple tests, we found several miRSNPs significantly associated with patient's survival. SNPs in SLCO3A1, SLC22A2 and SLC22A3 genes were defined as prognostic factors in the classification and regression tree analysis. In contrast, we did not observe any significant association between miRSNPs and CRC risk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating miRSNPs potentially affecting miRNA binding to SLC transporter genes and their impact on CRC susceptibility or patient's prognosis