FOSTERING FLOOD CONTROL POLICY MEASURES AT BASIN SCALE HYDROSYSTEMS WITH THE USE OF GEO-SPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES

The increased rate of floods occurrence during the last few decades, which is mainly attributed to climate change and mankind pressures on the hydrosystems, results on large scale horizontal flood control and protection policies. At European Union (EU) scale, the Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks of the year 2007 aims, after implementing sequential processes which amongst other include remote sensing and hydraulic modeling coupling, at proposing specific measures for mitigating the flood risks and the derived socioeconomic devastating impacts. The current research demonstrates the usefulness of geo-spatial technologies for assessing the operationality of the current anti-flood infrastructures together with the historic flood events and the necessity of maintaining the infrastructures. For doing so, all the flood control structures in the case study area were mapped in a geographic information system (GIS). Additionally, information regarding the floods’ spatial and temporal placement were used to populate the GIS database, while the repeatability of the works regarding the maintenance and/or restoration and/or failure recovery of the flood control structures was attributed in monetary terms to evaluate the feasibility of the projects. The case study area is the Greek part of the Struma/Strymonas transboundary river basin, which is shared between Bulgaria and North Macedonia and Greece. The outputs of the research demonstrated the usefulness of the current flood protection projects, however, there were particular cases where the annual maintenance cost necessitates the promotion of new and more financial independent solutions

Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use on River Catchment Hydrology Using Model Downscaling

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Information-Communication Technologies as an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Tool for Sustainable Development

Sustainability is a crucial and at the same time vital approach for satisfying future generations’ rights on natural resources. Toward this direction, global policies, supported by international organizations such as UNESCO and its international science programs, foster sustainable development as principal concept for the management of various thematic areas including the environment. The present work promotes the integration of information-communication technologies (ICTs) in the water resources management field as a state of the art concept that sets the basis for sustainable development at global scale. The research focuses on the ICTs contribution to the evolution of scientific and technological disciplines, such as satellite earth observations, real time monitoring networks, geographic information systems, and cloud-based geo information systems and their interconnection to integrated water resources management. Moreover, selected international research programs and activities of UNESCO International Hydrology Programme (IHP) are synoptically but comprehensively being presented to demonstrate the integration of the technological advances in water resources management and their role toward sustainable development

Run-Of-River Small Hydropower Plants as Hydro-Resilience Assets against Climate Change

Renewable energy sources, due to their direct (e.g., wind turbines) or indirect (e.g., hydropower, with precipitation being the generator of runoff) dependence on climatic variables, are foreseen to be affected by climate change. In this research, two run-of-river small hydropower plants (SHPPs) located at different water districts in Greece are being calibrated and validated, in order to be simulated in terms of future power production under climate change conditions. In doing so, future river discharges derived by the forcing of a hydrology model, by three Regional Climate Models under two Representative Concentration Pathways, are used as inputs for the simulation of the SHPPs. The research concludes, by comparing the outputs of short-term (2031–2060) and long-term (2071–2100) future periods to a reference period (1971–2000), that in the case of a significant projected decrease in river discharges (~25–30%), a relevant important decrease in the simulated future power generation is foreseen (~20–25%). On the other hand, in the decline projections of smaller discharges (up to ~15%) the generated energy depends on the intermonthly variations of the river runoff, establishing that runoff decreases in the wet months of the year have much lower impact on the produced energy than those occurring in the dry months. The latter is attributed to the non-existence of reservoirs that control the operation of run-of-river SHPPs; nevertheless, these types of hydropower plants can partially remediate the energy losses, since they are taking advantage of low flows for hydropower production. Hence, run-of-river SHPPs are designated as important hydro-resilience assets against the projected surface water availability decrease due to climate change

Large-Scale Hydrological Models and Transboundary River Basins

Large-scale hydrological modeling is an emerging approach in river hydrology, especially in regions with limited available data. This research focuses on evaluating the performance of two well-known large-scale hydrological models, namely E-HYPE and LISFLOOD, for the five transboundary rivers of Greece. For this purpose, discharge time series at the rivers’ outlets from both models are compared with observed datasets wherever possible. The comparison is conducted using well-established statistical measures, namely, coefficient of determination, Percent Bias, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, Root-Mean-Square Error, and Kling–Gupta Efficiency. Subsequently, the hydrological models’ time series are bias corrected through scaling factor, linear regression, delta change, and quantile mapping methods, respectively. The outputs are then re-evaluated against observations using the same statistical measures. The results demonstrate that neither of the large-scale hydrological models consistently outperformed the other, as one model performed better in some of the basins while the other excelled in the remaining cases. The bias-correction process identifies linear regression and quantile mapping as the most suitable methods for the case study basins. Additionally, the research assesses the influence of upstream waters on the rivers’ water budget. The research highlights the significance of large-scale models in transboundary hydrology, presents a methodological approach for their applicability in any river basin on a global scale, and underscores the usefulness of the outputs in cooperative management of international waters

Cloud Data Scraping for the Assessment of Outflows from Dammed Rivers in the EU. A Case Study in South Eastern Europe

The availability of environmentally related data is a crucial issue in simulating natural processes. The proposed research demonstrates that although currently there is a plethora of data published on the internet, by national and international official sources, their retrieval is sometimes hard to be achieved; hence smart programming tools/technologies could facilitate the automatic harvesting of these data in personal databases for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of hydrosystems that encompass hydropower schemes. The implemented methodology relies on the use of custom-made web scrapping tools to access dams’ hourly outflows in combination with water demand data in order to investigate the water balance, as modified by human intervention, in areas located downstream of dams. For this purpose, derivatives of the Electricity Market Directive and Water Framework Directive of the European Union (EU) have been regarded as web-based databases. The outcomes of the methodological approach demonstrate that the modelled net water discharges downstream—i.e., the river discharges after subtracting the water demands—are assessed with high simulation accuracy at a daily time scale. The reliability of the output estimates is further supported by the combination of measured data from gauge telemetry with the data derived by the proposed methodology. This research allows new insights, such as dams’ outflows and water demand retrieval and exploitation, into the sustainable management of water resources and contributes to the quantification of rivers’ outflows to the coastal zone

Hydrodiplomacy and Climate Change: An Assessment of the Transboundary River Basins of Greece

Hydrodiplomacy is the emerging framework where legal acts, based on technical data and information, aim to support commonly accepted solutions to water-related tensions among states with transboundary waters. In this research, hydrodiplomacy components in relation to (a) policy, (b) preventive, (c) cooperative, and (d) technical aspects are considered together with climate change, which is bound to destabilize the core element of hydrodiplomacy, i.e., water. The study area is composed of the five transboundary river basins of Greece. The coupling of all these different nature elements is conducted with the use of the AHP multicriteria method, and the results of a normalized output that quantifies water transboundary cooperation in the climate crisis era are given

Modélisation appliquée à la gestion durable des projets de ressources en eau à l'échelle d'un bassin hydrographique : le cas du Mesta-Nestos

Thèse en cotutelle internationale avec l'université Aristote de Thessalonique - GrèceThe construction of a big dam is a project of important economic and social consequences and this is the reason why it should be preceded by a careful socio-economic and operational study. On one hand, the operational investigation should take into account the dam's dimensions and purpose, the location of its wartershed and its hydrology characteristics as well as the environmental constraints according to the international and national legislation. On the other hand, the socio-economic study should take into account all the variables which ensure the sustainability of the project. Until a few years ago, the vast majority of dams were funded and consequently owned by the public sector, thus project profitability was not of highest priority in the decision of their construction. Nowadays, the liberalisation of the electricity market in the developed world has led to the privatisation of energy infrastructures and has set new economic standards in the funding and management of dam projects. Investment decision is conditioned to an evaluated viability and profitability over the full life cycle of the project, typically 50 years, on the basis of quantitative criteria such as the Net Present Value (NPV). However, since the fuel of a hydropower plant is water, its operation interferes with the water resources management of the river basin where it is situated. To this respect, new practices and regulations have recently developed such as the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). They constrain any water resources project into following guidelines regarding its social and environmental impacts in accordance with long term issues such as its sustainability under climate change conditions. The present work aims at exploring the coupling of mathematical models of hydrology, hydropower operation, climate change and economics in order to propose ways of making balanced decisions merging the demands of project investment criteria, public well being and river basin management best practices. It is illustrated by the investigation of the new hydropower and irrigation project of Temenos in the Mesta/Nestos river basin. This basin is shared between Bulgaria in its upstream northern part and Greece for its downstream part. The river ends in Aegean Sea after expanding into the Nestos delta which is occupied by a vast expanse of irrigated fields. Currently, two hydroelectric power plants are located in the mountainous part of the Nestos basin: the Thissavros plant with a reservoir capacity of 565 millions m3 and further downstream, the Platanovryssi dam with a reservoir capacity of 11 millions m3. Both dams have been designed to operate in pump-storage mode for electricity generation. The future Temenos project is planned to be financed exclusively on private funds. Situated downstream from the previous dams, it is designed for: electricity production, irrigation regulation and should contribute to the improvement of the power produced by the existing complex. The climate change scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) with the publication of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) reveal possible future climate modifications at global scale. More specifically, according to the output of the several global circulation models (GCM), the global average surface temperature is predicted to increase by 1.4 to 5.8°C over the period 1990 to 2100. These temperature increases should drive evaporation rate increases and precipitation fluctuations. Consequently, a severe impact could result upon hydropower generation as it is sensitive to the amount, timing, and geographical pattern of precipitation as well as temperature. Climate change studies over the Mesta-Nestos area have been based on the output of the CLM regional climate model from the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany. They concern the SRES scenarios A1B and B1. The CLM model uses a dynamically downscaling technique where boundaries conditions provided by global scale models such as ECHAM5/MPIOM are adapted to local conditions such as relief. The temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration results obtained from CLM were used as input data to the spatially distributed hydrology model MODSUR-NEIGE for simulating the future water regime of the river basin. It was coupled with the HEC-ResSim reservoir simulation tool using a detailed technical representation of the dams and irrigation networks systems planned for the expansion of the existing irrigation in the Nestos delta and Xanthi plain areas. Finally, the appraisal of the Temenos project viability under future climatic conditions was carried out with the use of a special purpose economic tool which is based on the NPV rule. The thesis proposes a holistic approach to project evaluation which goes beyond strict project financing practices. The NPV based rule has been extended the merging of economic elements (energy and water selling prices) with social benefits (compensation to farmers in case of lack of water) and the value of the environment (costs for restoration good water status in case of failure to preserve a minimum environmental flow). It is argued that this combined approach offers a useful evaluation of the sustainability of water projects. Furthermore, climate scenarios have been augmented by transboundary politics hypotheses based on the execution of on-going flow treaty existing between Bulgaria and Greece about the Mesta-Nestos waters. Finally, in the context of compliance with the WFD basin management guidelines, the use of multicriteria decision analysis methods is explored in order to balance the conflicts of interests between all the actors which should be participating in the ultimate decision of financing and operating a multipurpose dam project such as Temenos.La construction d'un grand barrage est un projet aux conséquences économiques et sociales importantes voila pourquoi elle doit être précédée d'une étude opérationnelle et socio-économique détaillée. En premier lieu, l'étude opérationnelle doit porter sur les dimensions et le régime d'utilisation du barrage, la configuration géographique de son bassin de drainage et ses caractéristiques hydrologiques aussi bien que sur les contraintes de type environnemental qui peuvent s'exercer dans un cadre législatif national ou international. En second lieu, l'étude socio-économique doit prendre en compte tous les paramètres susceptibles d'influencer sur la durabilité du projet. Jusqu'à une époque récente, la large majorité des barrages était financée et gérée par le secteur public. Ainsi la profitabilité des projets n'était pas un élément prépondérant dans la décision de les construire. De nos jours, la libéralisation du marché de l'énergie dans les pays développés a conduit à la privatisation des infrastructures énergétiques et par voie de conséquence à l'application de nouveaux objectifs économiques dans le financement et la gestion des projets de barrage. Les décisions d'investissement sont conditionnées par l'évaluation de leur viabilité technique et de leur profitabilité tout au long de leur durée de vie qui est typiquement de 50 ans. Cette évaluation est basée sur l'usage d'un critère quantitatif nommé Valeur Actualisée Nette (VAN) aussi appelé Net Present Value en anglais (NPV). Cependant, comme l'eau est le fluide nécessaire au fonctionnement des centrales hydroélectriques, leur exploitation interfère avec la gestion des ressources en eau du bassin hydrographique qui les accueille. De ce point de vue, de nouvelles pratiques et réglementations ont été introduites dans l'Union Européenne par la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (idem, WFD en anglais). Cette directive contraint chaque projet d'exploitation des ressources en eau à suivre des recommandations portant sur ses conséquences sociales et son impact sur l'environnement en respectant des contraintes à long terme relatives à sa durabilité en cas de changement climatique. Le travail présenté porte sur l'exploration du couplage entre différents modèles mathématiques traitant de l'hydrologie, l'exploitation hydroélectrique, le changement climatique et l'évaluation économique dans le but de proposer les moyens d'effectuer des décisions équilibrées satisfaisant aux exigences des critères de financement de projet , au bien-être du public et aux pratiques qu'exigent la gestion de bassin hydrographique. Ce travail est illustré par l'étude du futur barrage de Temenos, projet mixte de production électrique et d'irrigation intéressant le bassin hydrographique du Mesta-Nestos. Ce bassin est partagé entre la Bulgarie pour sa partie amont et la Grèce pour sa partie aval. La rivière termine son cours dans la mer Egée après avoir formé le delta du Nestos dont la majorité de la surface est occupée par un système d'irrigation. Deux ouvrages hydroélectriques occupent actuellement la partie montagneuse du bassin du Nestos. Il s'agit du barrage de Thissavros dont le réservoir a une capacité de 565 millions m3 et du barrage de Platanovryssi situé en aval du précédent et dont la capacité est de11 millions m3. Les deux barrages sont liés par un système de rétro-pompage STEP (Station de Transfert d'Énergie par Pompage). Le futur projet Temenos devrait être exclusivement financé sur fonds privés. Situé en aval des deux barrages précédents, il est configuré pour augmenter la production d'électricité du précédent complexe et pour réguler le système d'irrigation de la basse vallée agricole du Nestos Les scénarios de changement climatique (SRES) développés par le Groupe d'Experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC ou IPCC, en anglais) prévoient de possibles changements climatiques décrits à l'échelle mondiale. Plus précisément, selon les résultats des modèles de circulation globale (GCM), la moyenne mondiale annuelle de la température de surface pourrait augmenter de 1.4 à 5.8°C sur une période allant de 1990 à 2100. Cette augmentation de température pourrait entrainer une augmentation de l'évaporation et influencer le régime des précipitations. Dans ce cas, un impact notable pourrait en résulter sur l'exploitation des installations hydroélectriques dont l'exploitation est particulièrement sensible à la quantité, au rythme et à la répartition géographique des précipitations et des températures. L'étude du changement climatique sur la zone du Mesta-Nestos est base sur les résultats du modèle climatique régional CLM de l'Institut de Météorologie Max Planck, Allemagne. Elle s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux scénarios B1 et A1B produits par le SRES. Le modèle CLM effectue un transfert à l'échelle locale des résultats du modèle global atmosphère-océan ECHAM5/MPIOM utilisés comme forçage. CLM est en particulier conditionné par les conditions aux limites du relief local. Les séries mensuelles de température, précipitation et évapotranspiration produites par CLM ont été utilisées comme données d'entrée du modèle hydrologique distribué MODSUR-NEIGE de manière à simuler le régime hydrographique du bassin en cas de changement climatique. Ce modèle est couplé au modèle de barrage HEC-ResSim décrivant en détail tous les éléments techniques du complexe hydroélectrique du Nestos et des réseaux d'irrigation existant dans le delta du Nestos ainsi que leur future extension à la plaine de Xanthi. Enfin, l'évaluation de la viabilité du projet Temenos en conditions de changement climatique a été effectuée à l'aide d'un nouvel outil économique basé sur le calcul de la VAN et spécialement développé pour les besoins de l'étude. La thèse propose une approche holistique de l'évaluation de projet qui dépasse le strict cadre économique. Le calcul de la VAN a été étendu de façon à réunir les éléments de strict rendement économique (recettes tirées de la vente de l'énergie électrique et de l'eau d'irrigation ainsi que l'accroissement du revenu des agriculteurs) avec des éléments concernant les « externalités » du projet que sont la valeur de l'environnement (coût de restauration du bon état des eaux de surface dans le cas où le débit environnemental minimal ne peut être maintenu) et les bénéfices sociaux (compensations aux agriculteurs dans le cas où les débits d'irrigation ne peuvent être délivrés). On argumente le fait que cette approche combinée offre un outil efficace d'évaluation du projet selon une approche de développement durable. De plus, l'étude d'impact des scenarios de changement climatique a été augmentée d'une étude portant sur les conséquences que pourraient avoir différentes hypothèses d'évolution de la politique de gestion transfrontalière du bassin en relation avec l'exécution du traité de débit signé entre la Bulgarie et la Grèce à propos des eaux du Mesta-Nestos. Enfin, dans un contexte d'application des recommandations de la Directive Cadre de l'Eau (WFD), on propose d'explorer l'utilisation des méthodes de décision multicritère (MCDA, en anglais) pour gérer les conflits d'intérêt des différents acteurs du bassin dans la phase d'acceptation du projet Temenos et dans sa phase d'exploitation

A Hybrid Multicriteria 0/1 Programming Methodology for Prioritizing the Measures of River Basin Management Plans

The Programmes of Measures (PoMs) are included in the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs). They comprise the outputs on the analysis of pressures, impacts and status of the water bodies, by designating those actions that need to be employed for the amelioration of the water quality status. In this research a methodology based on the coupling of hybrid multicriteria methods, namely outranking, in which 6 criteria and 37 alternatives are integrated, with a 0/1 linear programming in which the cost of the measures is induced as a constraint, is proposed for the prioritization of the supplementary PoMs that are included in the RBMP of Central Macedonia, Greece. The results of the research demonstrated the usefulness of the methodology when financial constraints do not permit the implementation of the whole set of measures

Mathematical modelling applied to the sustainable management of water resources projects at a ricer basin scale: the case of the Nestos river

The construction of a large dam is a project of important economic and social consequences and this is the reason why it should be preceded by a careful socio-economic and operational study. On one hand, the operational investigation should take into account the dam’s dimensions and purpose, the location of its watershed and its hydrology characteristics as well as environmental contraints due to international and national legislation. On the other hand, the socio-economic study should take into account all the variables which ensure the sustainability of the project. Until a few years ago, the vast majority of dams were funded and consequently owned by the public sector, thus project profitability was not of highest priority in the decision of their construction. Nowadays, the liberalisation of the electricity market in the developed world has led to the privatisation of energy infrastructures and has set new economic standards in the funding and management of dam projects. The investment decision is based on an evaluation of viability and profitability over the full life cycle of the project, typically 50 years, on the basis of quantitative criteria such as the Net Present Value (NPV). Since the fuel of a hydropower plant is water, its operation interferes with the water resources management of the river basin where it is situated. To this respect, new practices and regulations have recently developed such as the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). They constrain any water resources project into following guidelines regarding its social and environmental impacts in accordance with long term issues such as its sustainability under climate change conditions. The present work aims at exploring the coupling of mathematical models of hydrology, hydropower operation, climate change and economics in order to propose ways of making balanced decisions merging the demands of project investment criteria, public well being and river basin management best practices. It is illustrated by the investigation of the new hydropower and irrigation project of Temenos in the Mesta/Nestos river basin. This basin is shared between Bulgaria in its upstream northern part and Greece for its downstream part. The river ends in Aegean Sea after expanding into the Nestos delta which is occupied by a vast expanse of irrigated fields. Currently, two hydroelectric power plants are located in the mountainous part of the Nestos basin: the Thissavros plant with a reservoir capacity of 565 million m3 and further downstream, the Platanovryssi dam with a reservoir capacity of 11 million m3. Both dams have been designed to operate in pump-storage mode for electricity generation. The future Temenos project is planned to be financed exclusively with private funds. Situated downstream from the previous dams, it is designed for electricity production, irrigation regulation, and should contribute to the improvement of the power produced by the existing complex. The climate change scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) with the publication of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) reveal possible future climate modifications at global scale. More specifically, according to the output of the several global circulation models (GCM), the global average surface temperature is predicted to increase by 1.4 to 5.8°C over the period 1990 to 2100. These temperature increases should drive evaporation rate increases and precipitation fluctuations. Consequently, a severe impact could result upon hydropower generation as it is sensitive to the amount, timing, and geographical pattern of precipitation as well as temperature.Η κατασκευή έργων μεγάλου βεληνεκούς, όπως η κατασκευή ενός μεγάλου φράγματος, έχει σημαντικές οικονομικές και κοινωνικές συνέπειες. Αυτός είναι και ο λόγος για τον οποίο η λήψη τέτοιων αποφάσεων πρέπει να δικαιολογείται από αυστηρές και ταυτόχρονα λεπτομερείς κοινωνικοοικονομικές και επιχειρησιακές μελέτες. Όσον αφορά την επιχειρησιακή μελέτη ενός φράγματος, πρέπει να ερευνά το λόγο λειτουργίας του φράγματος, τις διαστάσεις του, τη γεωγραφική τοποθεσία της λεκάνης απορροής, τα υδρολογικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτής, καθώς επίσης και τους περιβαλλοντικούς περιορισμούς που περικλείονται στην εθνική και διεθνή νομοθεσία. Η δε κοινωνικοοικονομική μελέτη πρέπει να λαμβάνει υπόψη όλους εκείνους τους παράγοντες που εξασφαλίζουν τη βιωσιμότητα του έργου. Μέχρι και μερικά χρόνια πριν, το γεγονός ότι η χρηματοδότηση κατασκευής των περισσοτέρων φραγμάτων εξασφαλιζόταν από το δημόσιο τομέα, ο οποίος είχε και την ευθύνη λειτουργίας τους, είχε ως αποτέλεσμα η κερδοφορία καθώς και η οικονομική απόσβεση της επένδυσης, αυτής καθ’ αυτής, να μην αποτελεί την ύψιστη προτεραιότητα στην απόφαση κατασκευής τους. Στις μέρες μας, η απελευθέρωση της αγοράς ενέργειας στον αναπτυγμένο κόσμο έχει και ως επακόλουθο την ιδιωτικοποίηση των ενεργειακών υποδομών καθώς και την θέσπιση νέων οικονομικών δεδομένων σχετικά με τη χρηματοδότηση και διαχείριση ενεργειακών έργων όπως τα φράγματα. Άρα, η απόφαση για επένδυση προϋποθέτει την αξιολόγηση της βιωσιμότητας και της κερδοφορίας του έργου καθ’ όλο τον κύκλο ζωής του, ο οποίος στην περίπτωση των φραγμάτων είναι 50 έτη, και βασίζεται σε συγκεκριμένα ποσοτικά κριτήρια αξιολόγησης, όπως η Καθαρή Παρούσα Αξία (Net Present Value – NPV). Παρόλα αυτά, δεδομένου ότι η κινητήρια δύναμη ενός υδροηλεκτρικού εργοστασίου είναι το νερό, η λειτουργία του έρχεται σε αντίθεση με τη διαχείριση των υδατικών πόρων της λεκάνης απορροής στην οποία βρίσκεται. Για αυτό το σκοπό θεσπίστηκαν πρόσφατα από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση νέες πρακτικές και κανονισμοί, όπως η Οδηγία Πλαίσιο για τα Ύδατα (Water Framework Directive – WFD), οι οποίοι ορίζουν συγκεκριμένες κατευθυντήριες γραμμές σχετικά με τις κοινωνικές και περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις των έργων υδατικών πόρων, έτσι ώστε να επιτυγχάνεται η βιωσιμότητα σε συνθήκεςκλιματικής αλλαγής Η παρούσα διατριβήέχει ωςστόχο τη διερεύνηση τηςσύζευξηςμαθηματικών μοντέλων υδρολογίας υδροηλεκτρικήςλειτουργίας κλιματικήςαλλαγήςκαι οικονομικών μοντέλων, προκειμένου να προτείνει τρόπουςλήψηςισορροπημένων αποφάσεων σε περιπτώσειςέργων υδατικών πόρων. Λαμβάνει δε υπόψη, τόσο τιςαπαιτήσειςτων κριτηρίων που διέπουν ένα επενδυτικόσχέδιο, όσο και την κοινωνικήευημερία και τιςορθολογικότερες πρακτικέςδιαχείρισηςμιαςλεκάνηςαπορροής Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία εφαρμόζεται στο μελλοντικόυδροηλεκτρικόαρδευτικόφράγμα του Τεμένουςστη λεκάνη απορροήςτου ποταμούΜέστα/Νέστου. Η λεκάνη του ποταμούμοιράζεται μεταξύτηςΒουλγαρίας η οποία είναι η ανάντη χώρα, και τηςΕλλάδαςη οποία είναι η κατάντη χώρα. Ο ποταμόςλίγο πριν την εκροήτου στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγοςδημιουργείτο δέλτα του Νέστου το οποίο αποτελείμια σημαντικήγια την Ελλάδα γεωργικήπεριοχή αποτελούμενη απόαρδευόμενεςκαλλιέργειε