Natural ingredients in cosmetics from Malaysian plants: a review

Consumer consciousness on the concept of natural-based ingredients triggers the natural cosmetics market to grow. The active compounds in natural ingredients offer valuable bioactivities such as antioxidant, photoprotection, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory actions that useful for skincare, hair care and dental care. This review presents an overview on natural ingredient, especially plant-derived, used in cosmetic products and the examples of Malaysian plants used for cosmetic purposes

Reverse Micelle liquid-liquid extraction of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme

Reverse micelle extraction by using Sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) Suffoccinate (AOT) of protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme was investigated in this research. Study of factors affecting the surfactant concentration and pH of aqueous for both forward and backward extraction process was performed in the research. The BSA concentrations were characterized by using the UV- spectrophotometer at wavelength, ? = 280 nm. The result indicated that the extraction percentage of lysozyme was higher than BSA in forward transfer for both parameters; however BSA demonstrated a better extraction performance in backward extraction process. The maximum lysozyme extracted in the forward extraction process was at 60 mM of surfactant concentration while for BSA was 100 mM since BSA is a bulky molecule and the size is larger than of lysozyme

Process optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of Roselle using response surface methodology

Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as Roselle, is a native plant in Malaysia that is rich with bioactive compounds. In the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of Roselle was investigated. The optimum particle size (212μm, 300μm, 425μm, 600μm, and 710μm) to obtain highest yield was pre-determined. The effects of two operating parameters, pressure (20MPa, 25MPa, and 30MPa) and temperature (40 ºC, 60 ºC, and 80 ºC) on extraction yield were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). From the experimental data, the optimum conditions were achieved using particle size 300μm, pressure 27.5MPa, and temperature 50.8 ºC. Using the optimized parameters, the highest extraction yield was predicted to be 163.26 mg-extract/g-dried sample. The validation experimental results were consistent with the predicted values

Irradiated water-activated waste tyre powder for decolourization of reactive orange 16

The present study was aimed to characterize the adsorptive properties of waste tyre powder based activated carbons for decolourization of reactive orange 16 (RO16). Waste tyre powder was activated through irradiated water environment (MAC). Comparison was made by conventional chemical activation using calcium chloride (CAC) and recovered calcium chloride from the first activation (RAC). Activated carbons were characterized according to surface area, morphology and functional groups. The values of surface area were recorded as 95.9, 111, 80.9m2/g for MAC, CAC and RAC, respectively. The decolourization of RO16 was observed to have the following order: MAC>CAC>RAC. Adsorption data for all activated carbons studied obeyed Langmuir isotherm for which the process could be described as monolayer adsorption. The kinetics data were well-fitted to pseudo-second-order model, suggesting the chemisorption proces

Role of nanotechnology for design and development of cosmeceutical: Application in makeup and skin care

Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1–100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality, and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-aging lotion, sun-screens, and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous, and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments

Reverse micelle extraction

Reverse micelle is an alternative method to conventional separation and purification procedures due to their potential for large scale use (Ono et al., 1996; Naoe et al., 2004; Shen and Yu, 2007; Moore and Palepu, 2007), their potential application to continuous separation of biological substances (Zhang et al., 1999; Hong and Kuboi, 1999; Naoe et al., 2002; Noh and Imm, 2005; Juang et al., 2006; Majumdar and Mahapatra, 2007), the process similarities to liquid-liquid extraction (Naoe et al., 2004; Hasmann et al., 2007), and easy scale-up (Chang et al., 1997; Rodrigues et al., 1999; Kilikian et al., 2000; Mathew and Juang, 2007). Nishiki et al. (1998) showed that reverse micelle extraction is able to recover proteins with little denaturation because proteins can be hosted in a solubilised aqueous phase which is shielded from the organic solvent by surfactant molecules; solubilisation inside reverse micelle does not damage the native protein structure (Yu et al., 2003; Hetch and Peled, 2006). Therefore, in an ordinary liquid-liquid extraction, although it has been difficult to extract large bioactive molecules such as proteins, the limitation can be overcome by utilising a nanostructural molecular assembly like reverse micelle (Aires-Barros and Cabral, 1991; Ono et al., 1996)

Liquid-liquid separation of antibiotic with reverse micelles

Antibiotics are normally produced in aqueous environments, which require further separation and purification steps. The steps are very important and consume a huge part of the overall production cost. Moreover, the production of antibiotics, which typically involves fermentation process, is usually capital intensive because large and complex fermentors and extensive equipment for multi-step downstream processing are required to handle large volume fermentation broths with a low product concentration (Lee et al., 2004). Thus, improvement of the separation and purification methods can make significant savings to the overall manufacturing costs. A range of separation methods such as conventional solvent extraction, ion-exchange, chromatography, crystallization, or a combination of these methods have been used for the recovery of antibiotics. In the separation of penicillin G from fermentation broth, a solvent extraction method has been used by industry for many years. If the antibiotic is a weak acid with a low pKa value, the pH used in the extraction should be lower than the pKa value to obtain the antibiotic in its free acid form (Gu, 2000). Nabais and Cardoso noted that the biggest concern in current solvent separation technique is the frequent formation of stable emulsions. These emulsions are difficult to be discarded with conventional techniques such as gravitation or centrifugation. These problems lead to other problems such as contamination of the final product, low extraction yield, high solvent losses and clogging of the equipment

Separation methods in the pharmaceutical industry

It has been discussed in many papers that the development of efficient methods for the separation of bioproducts from fermentation broths is crucial to advancements in biotechnology. Various forms of chromatography and electrophoresis are usefully applied in the purification of high value pharmaceuticals but are expensive and difficult to scale-up beyond laboratory sizes (Cascaval et al., 2001). Therefore, there is a significant need for efficient methods that can separate and concentrate pharmaceutical products continuously, with new cost-effective and simple separation techniques that can be scaled-up easily. For a wide range of chemical and biochemical products, the cost of separation and purification processes represents a significant proportion of the unit cost of production (Tessier et al., 2005, Soto et al., 2005), as well as the contribution of the process to the final cost being of 20.6% to 90% (Cascaval et al., 2001)