Changes in Inflammatory and Atherogenesis Biomarkers With the 2-Drug Regimen Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine in Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced, Virologically Suppressed People With HIV-1: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: The 2-drug regimen dolutegravir plus lamivudine has demonstrated long-term noninferior efficacy vs 3-/4-drug regimens (3/4DRs) in phase 3 trials. This systematic literature review summarizes clinical trial and real-world evidence evaluating impact of dolutegravir plus lamivudine on inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers in people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (PWH). Methods: Using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases and conference proceedings, we searched for studies published from 1 January 2013 to 14 July 2021, reporting changes in inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers with dolutegravir plus lamivudine in antiretroviral therapy-experienced, virologically suppressed PWH aged 6518 years. Results: Four records representing 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 6 records of real-world evidence met eligibility criteria. All real-world studies evaluated CD4+/CD8+\u2005ratio, while only 1 assessed inflammatory biomarkers. Across both RCTs, no consistent pattern of change in biomarkers was observed between dolutegravir/lamivudine and 3/4DR comparators. There were significant changes in soluble CD14 favoring dolutegravir/lamivudine in TANGO at weeks 48 and 144 and SALSA at week 48, and in interleukin-6 favoring the control group in TANGO at weeks 48 and 144. In the real-world study evaluating inflammatory biomarkers, median soluble CD14 significantly decreased 48 weeks postswitch to dolutegravir plus lamivudine (P\u2005<\u2005.001), while other biomarkers remained stable. In all 6 real-world studies, increases in CD4+/CD8+\u2005ratio were reported after switch to dolutegravir plus lamivudine (follow-up, 12-60 months). Conclusions: Results show that dolutegravir plus lamivudine has a comparable impact on inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers vs 3/4DRs, with no consistent pattern of change after switch in virologically suppressed PWH

ETSI Reconfigurable Radio Systems – Status and Future Directions on Software Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio Standards

This article details the current work status of the ETSI Reconfigurable Radio Systems Technical Committee, positions the ETSI work with respect to other standards efforts (IEEE 802, IEEE SCC41) as well as the European Regulatory Framework, and gives an outlook on the future evolution. In particular, software defined radio related study results are presented with a focus on SDR architectures for mobile devices such as mobile phones. For MDs, a novel architecture and inherent interfaces are presented enabling the usage of SDR principles in a mass market context. Cognitive radio principles within ETSI RRS are concentrated on two topics, a cognitive pilot channel proposal and a Functional Architecture for Management and control of reconfigurable radio systems, including dynamic self-organizing planning and management, dynamic spectrum management, joint radio resource management. Finally, study results are indicated that are targeting a SDR/CR security framework

Optimal rate adaptation for energy efficiency with MQAM and MFSK

In this paper we analyse the energy efficiency of MQAM and MFSK for short range wireless transmissions, up to a few 100's of meters, and propose optimum rate adaptation to minimize the energy dissipation during transmissions under different channel environment. Energy consumed for transmitting the data over a distance to maintain a prescribed error probability together with the circuit energy have been considered in our work. Our results indicate that the energy efficiency can be significantly improved by performing optimal rate adaptation given the radio and channel parameters, and furthermore we identify the maximum distance where optimal rate adaptation can be performed beyond which the optimum rate then becomes the same as the minimum data rate

Passive Radar Tracking in Clutter Using Range and Range-Rate Measurements

Passive bistatic radar research is essential for accurate 3D target tracking, especially in the presence of missing or low-quality bearing information. Traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods often introduce bias in such scenarios. To overcome this limitation, we propose employing the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for handling the nonlinearities in 3D tracking, utilizing range and range-rate measurements. Additionally, we incorporate the probabilistic data association (PDA) algorithm with the UKF to handle cluttered environments. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate a successful implementation of the UKF-PDA framework, showing that the proposed method effectively reduces bias and significantly advances tracking capabilities in passive bistatic radars

Novel cluster formation framework for energy efficient short-range cooperative strategies

Excessive energy consumption has been recognized as a number one problem that may weaken the growth in future communication networks. This means that the main effort of nowadays wireless communications research shall be moved to energy efficient solutions. One of the most interesting approaches to achieve energy efficiency is to enable the short-range cooperative strategies among multi-standard mobile devices. The short-range cooperative strategies are highly beneficial in terms of energy savings, as they shift the wireless communications paradigm from high power cellular interfaces to low power WPAN interfaces. Keeping this in mind, our proposed clustering framework builds a solid fundament to bring short-range cooperative strategies into the wireless world. The key features of our method are robustness, simplicity and reliability, which are achieved via novel mechanisms of silent association and discrimination of non-persistent neighbors. Herein we present the analysis of state of the art clustering designs, which is followed by the detailed description of the presented method along with the results, from WiMedia MAC ns-2 simulator, that verify principles of the proposed method

Energy efficiency of cellular base stations with ternary-state transceivers

The energy efficiency of cellular base stations is known to be improved by having the base station in sleep modes whenever possible. In this paper we present our study on ternary state transceivers for cellular base stations for further improving the energy efficiency. We consider transceivers that are capable of switching between sleep, stand-by and active modes whenever required. the ternary state transceiver is modeled as a three-state Markov process and we present an algorithm to intelligently change the states of the transceivers based on the offered traffic to the base station whilst maintaining a prescribed minimum rate per user. We present simulation results considering a typical macro base station with state changeable transceivers. Our results show that it is possible to significantly improve the energy efficiency of the base station using the proposed algorithm and further show that the algorithm approaches steady state conditions for the range of parametric values that we consider in our study

Periodic sensing in cognitive radios for detecting UMTS/HSDPA based on experimental spectral occupancy statistics

In this paper we study the performance of periodic spectrum sensing in cognitive radios (CR) based on experimentally obtained temporal spectral occupancy statistics of the legacy user (LU). The detection performance of the periodic sensing technique depends on the occupancy statistics of the LU such as the traffic arrival rate and the occupancy duration. The sensing period and the sensing duration requirements also depend on the temporal statistics of the LU in order to achieve a predefined detection probability. The LU services that we consider here are the UMTS voice and the HSDPA data services that operate in the 2100MHz frequency range. The UMTS and HSDPA spectral occupancy behaviors are experimentally analyzed using real world measurements performed by Telefónica I+D in order to find the white spaces or spectrum holes associated with it, which are then used to study the detection performance of the periodic sensing technique. The temporal characteristics such as the occupancy distribution and the approximated occupancy-time plot are presented for the UMTS/HSDPA services based on the experimentally obtained data. The probability of detection is then presented with respect to the sensing period and the duration, based on a temporal spectral occupancy model that we derive from the experimentally obtained occupancy statistics