Presidential election in Turkey: a wide range of intricate challenges ahead of the next president

On 10 August 2014, Turkey will hold the first round of presidential election which are of specific importance, as its results will shape the country’s both domestic politics and external relations. This paper discusses the key challenges which Turkey’s next president must undertake. The domestic challenges range from revision of Constitution, Kurdish peace process and economic growth to polarization of society, freedom of judiciary, separation of powers and civil liberties. In the external relations area, the principal challenges are the worsening of country’s relations with its neighbours, security threats and the stalemate of the EU integration. Several domestic and external challenges are inter-related: for instance, the freedom of judiciary, separation of powers and civil liberties affect the EU integration process; the political uncertainty relates to economic growth and foreign investments; the Kurdish peace process impacts on the external security issues; the economic factors influence the relations with the Kurdistan Regional Government and Iraq’s central government; the Syrian crisis raises new challenges with regard to the Syrian refugees in Turkey. Therefore, addressing Turkey’s current domestic and external challenges will be a long, puzzling and often conflicting-results process

L’Ukraine, la pomme de discorde entre les États-Unis, l’Union européenne et la Russie

L’Union douanière eurasiatique est une initiative lancée par Moscou pour préserver et renforcer l’influence de la Russie dans son voisinage. Les années 2007-2008 ont été pour l’Ukraine une période au cours de laquelle ce pays a connu des fortes tensions politiques internes, des élections législatives anticipées, une situation économique difficile et l’échec de son adhésion à l’OTAN, mais aussi un rapprochement avec l’Union européenne. Néanmoins, à partir de 2008, la Russie profite des tension..

The Eurasian Economic Union- Approaching the Economic Integration in the Post-Soviet Space by EU-Emulated Elements

Le processus d’intégration économique régionale dans l’espace post-soviétique a été initiépresque dans le même temps avec la dissolution de l’URSS. Il a commencé avec la création de la Communauté des Etats indépendants (CEI), suivi par les initiatives régionales menées par les républiques d’Asie centrale et les projets sous-régionaux de la CEI entraînés par la Russie. Toutefois, avant la création de la Communauté économique eurasiatique (CEEA), ces projets d’intégration économique ont montré lacunes importantes concernant la conception institutionnelle. La création de la CEEA indique la nouvelle approche de la Russie sur l’intégration économique régionale dans l’espace post-soviétique, qui sera désormais effectuée par un haut degré d’institutionnalisation et de légalisation et par l’émulation du projet européen dans l’architecture institutionnelle des nouvelles institutions. Par la suite, l’émulation de l’UE s’est manifestée dans la création de l’Union douanière eurasiatique (UDA), et notamment dans la création de l’Union économique eurasiatique (UEEA). Ces organisations établissent des régimes juridiques institutionnalisés avec des effets contraignants, renforcés par des mécanismes de règlement des différends, par le transfert des compétences et la création d’une bureaucratie supranationale. D’avantage, l’émulation de l’UE se manifeste plus largement dans la conception institutionnelle de l’UEEA que dans celle de l’UDA, car elle a inspiré non seulement l’introduction des restrictions et des règles d’éthique régissant l’activité de la bureaucratie supranationale, mais également la création des politiques «convenus» et «coordonnées», et la future mise en place des marchés communs et d’un espace économique commun.The process of regional economic integration in the post-Soviet space was initiated almost in the same time with the dissolution of URSS. It started with the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), followed by regional initiatives-which were led by the Central Asian republics-, and the CIS sub-regional projects, driven by Russia. However, before the creation of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), these projects of economic integration showed significant failings of their institutional design. The creation of the EurAsEC indicates Russia’s new approach of regional economic integration in the post-Soviet space. That approach will be further carried out through a high degree of institutionalization and legalization and by an EU-emulated institutional design. The EU emulation has been subsequently manifested in the creation of the Eurasian Customs Union (ECU), and notably in that of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). Both organizations establish institutionalized legal regimes with binding effects, enhanced by dispute resolution mechanisms, transferred competences and a supranational bureaucracy. Further, the EU emulation is wider in the EEU’s institutional design than in the ECU’s, as it has inspired not only the introduction of restrictions and ethic rules regulating the activity of the EEU’s supranational bureaucracy, but also the creation of “agreed” and “coordinated” policies, and the further establishment of the common markets and of a common economic space, ruled by economic convergence criteria

The Southern Gas Corridor and Turkey

peer reviewedThis study assesses Turkey's role and contribution to the Southern Gas Corridor. Firstly, it analysis the concept of energy security, a is a complex, multi-dimensional concept,which largely depends on the context in which it is elaborated and the type of the stakeholder to which it addresses (international organization, producer-, transit-, and consumer-country), the aims and policies pursued by the stakeholders, and, in subsidiary, the nature of the markets (oil markets or gas markets. Secondly, it analysis the EU's approach upon energy security, which relates to the diversification of energy sources, supply and routes, elements which shape up EU’s initiatives in the external energy policy field.Thirdly, it examines how the Southern Gas Corridor could enhance the EU’s energy security -it could mainly contribute to supply security and supply diversification of the Southern, Central and Eastern European gas markets. Finally, the study analysis the role of Turkey into the Southern Gas Corridor implementation and development

La protección jurídica de la vida

[ES] Se trata de estudiar, desde un enfoque constitucional, el tratamiento jurídico de la vida. El objetivo principal es el estudio de la regulación jurídica del presupuesto vital. Los objetivos secundarios, el análisis de garantías y límites como el aborto, la eutanasia, el auxilio al suicidio, el testamento vital, etc. La metodología que se propone es la del Derecho comparado, a través del análisis de la regulación constitucional y legal de la vida en Derecho comparado Europeo, la Unión europea y el Consejo de Europa. Al final se propone un análisis crítico y prospectivo.[EN] It is about studying, from a constitutional approach, the legal treatment of life. The main objective is the study of the legal regulation of the vital budget. The secondary objectives, the analysis of guarantees and limits such as abortion, euthanasia, suicide assistance, living will, etc. The methodology proposed is that of Comparative Law, through the analysis of the constitutional and legal regulation of life in European Comparative Law, the European Union and the Council of Europe. At the end a critical and prospective analysis is proposed.Sisu, CM. (2019). La protección jurídica de la vida. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/128586TFG