Avaliação funcional de triatletas de média e longa distância

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá, Fisioterapia.Introdução: O triathlon é um esporte contínuo de natação, ciclismo e corrida. Por ser um esporte que necessita de treino para três modalidades e por serem atletas submetidos a grandes volumes de treino, a lesão neste esporte torna-se comum. Em razão disso, é fundamental investigar os fatores intrínsecos que podem influenciar na ocorrência dessas lesões. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores intrínsecos dos atletas a partir de avaliações funcionais para encontrar a característica desta população. Métodos: Para este estudo transversal foi usado um questionário online e uma avaliação presencial. Foram coletados dados antropométricos, lesão prévia, acompanhamento fisioterapêutico e nutricional. Foram realizadas avaliações de força isométrica, amplitude de movimento e equilíbrio. Resultados e discussão: Um total de 21 participantes foram incluídos no estudo, 13 homens e 8 mulheres, e suas respectivas médias: idade: 42 anos, peso: 74,8kg, altura: 169,8cm, anos de prática: 6,7 anos. 85% dos atletas apresentaram lesões prévias, 76% sentem dor decorrente da prática do triathlon e 38% estavam lesionados no dia da avaliação. Os valores de equilíbrio dinâmico ficaram abaixo dos pontos de corte para o escore composto no Y balance test para o sexo feminino (MIE: 88 e MID: 87,4) mas normais para os homens (MIE: 91,1 e MID: 90,6). Os dados apresentados a seguir equivalem a média entre o sexo feminino e masculino do membro dominante direito de cada deste: força de musculatura abdutora de quadril: 167,9 N, rotadores externos de quadril: 148 N, extensores de joelho: 411,8 N e flexores de joelho: 167,7 N. ADM de quadril em RM: 29,8 cm e RL: 51,3 cm; GIRD: ADM em RL 97,5 cm, RM: 61,1 cm e ADM total de 159,1cm e Lung Test: 45,3 cm. Conclusão: Os valores de equilíbrio dinâmico ficaram abaixo dos pontos de corte para o escore composto no Y balance Test para o sexo feminino, mas normais para os homens. Os atletas apresentaram déficit de força para a musculatura abdutora de quadril e flexores de joelho para ambos os sexos, e as mulheres para rotadores externos de quadril no lado não dominante. Em ADM de tornozelo, os triatletas do sexo masculino e feminino obtiveram altos valores de ADM para dorsiflexão quando comparado a jogadores de futebol, basquete, e também aos valores de referência, apresentando menor probabilidade de entorses de tornozelo. Quanto a mobilidade de quadril, apesar dos valores terem sido menores do que os valores obtidos pelos corredores de longa distância, não apresentaram restrição de mobilidade e nenhum dos atletas apresentaram déficit de rotação glenoumeral patológica.Introduction: Triathlon is a continuous sport of swimming, cycling and running. Because it is a sport that requires training for three modalities and because they are athletes who undergo large volumes of training, injury in this sport becomes common. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the intrinsic factors that can influence the occurrence of these injuries. Objective: To evaluate the intrinsic factors of athletes from functional assessments to find the characteristic of this population. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire and a face-to-face assessment were used. Anthropometric data, previous injury, physiotherapeutic and nutritional follow-up were collected. Assessments of isometric strength, range of motion and balance were performed. Results and discussion: A total of 21 participants were included in the study, 13 men and 8 women, and their respective averages: age: 42 years, weight: 74.8 kg, height: 169.8 cm, years of practice: 6.7 years . 85% of the athletes had previous injuries, 76% felt pain resulting from triathlon practice and 38% were injured on the day of the evaluation. Dynamic balance values were below the cutoff points for the composite score in the Y balance test for females (MIE: 88 and MID: 87.4) but normal for males (MIE: 91.1 and MID: 90, 6). The data presented below are equivalent to the average between females and males of the right dominant limb of each of these: hip abductor muscle strength: 167.9 N, external hip rotators: 148 N, knee extensors: 411.8 N and knee flexors: 167.7 N. Hip ROM at RM: 29.8 cm and RL: 51.3 cm; GIRD: RMD in RL 97.5 cm, RM: 61.1 cm and total RMD of 159.1 cm and Lung Test: 45.3 cm. Conclusion: Dynamic balance values were below the cut-off points for the composite score in the Y balance Test for females, but normal for males. Athletes showed a deficit in strength for the hip abductor musculature and knee flexors for both sexes, and women for external hip rotators on the non-dominant side. In ankle ROM, male and female triathletes obtained high ROM values for dorsiflexion when compared to soccer and basketball players, and also to the reference values, showing a lower probability of ankle sprains. As for hip mobility, despite the values being lower than the values obtained by long-distance runners, they did not present mobility restriction and none of the athletes presented pathological glenohumeral rotation deficit

Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from alder, aspen and spruce short rotation forest plantations in the UK

An expansion of bioenergy has been proposed to help reduce fossil-fuel greenhouse gas emissions, and short-rotation forestry (SRF) can contribute to this expansion. However, SRF plantations could also be sources of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, which can impact atmospheric air quality. In this study, emissions of isoprene and 11 monoterpenes from the branches and forest floor of hybrid aspen, Italian alder and Sitka spruce stands in an SRF field trial in central Scotland were measured during two years (2018–2019) and used to derive emission potentials for different seasons. Sitka spruce was included as a comparison as it is the most extensive plantation species in the UK. Winter and spring emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes were small compared to those in summer. Sitka spruce had a standardised mean emission rate of 15 µgCg−1h−1 for isoprene in the dry and warm summer of 2018 – more than double the emissions in 2019. However, standardised mean isoprene emissions from hybrid aspen were similar across both years, approximately 23 µgCg−1h−1, and standardised mean isoprene emissions from Italian alder were very low. Mean standardised total monoterpene emissions for these species followed a similar pattern of higher standardised emissions in the warmer year: Sitka spruce emitting 4.5 and 2.3 µgCg−1h−1 for 2018 and 2019, aspen emitting 0.3 and 0.09 µgCg−1h−1, and Italian alder emitting 1.5 and 0.2 µgCg−1h−1, respectively. In contrast to these foliage emissions, the forest floor was only a small source of monoterpenes, typically 1 or 2 orders of magnitude lower than foliage emissions on a unit of ground area basis. Estimates of total annual emissions from each plantation type per hectare were derived using the MEGAN 2.1 model. The modelled total BVOC (isoprene and monoterpenes) emissions of SRF hybrid aspen plantations were approximately half those of Sitka spruce for plantations of the same age. Italian alder SRF emissions were 20 times smaller than from Sitka spruce. The expansion of bioenergy plantations to 0.7 Mha has been suggested for the UK to help achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The model estimates show that, with such an expansion, total UK BVOC emissions would increase between <1 % and 35 %, depending on the tree species planted. Whereas increases might be small on a national scale, regional increases might have a larger impact on local air quality