ON UNIFICATION OF DESCRIPTIVE NOMENCLATURE OF INFLORESCENCE MORPHOLOGY FOR BREEDING OF LEGUMES

A nomenclature for the unified description of inflorescences in cultivated legumes is proposed. The given terms may be applied for characterization of inflorescence morphology both in normal and mutant plants. We give a simplified classification of synflorescence types in legume crops of Russia and bordering countries basing on the features of a floral unit

On the problem of genetic polymorphism dynamics in Russian cultivars of garden pea (Pisum sativum L .)

В ходе селекции различных сельскохозяйственных культур существует риск утраты (эрозии) генетического разнообразия, связанный в первую очередь с использованием ограниченной части генофонда для выведения новых сортов. Отечественные сорта гороха посевного (Pisum sativum L.) имеют высокий уровень фенотипического разнообразия, однако динамика полиморфизма на уровне ДНК не изучена. Подобное исследование актуально с точки зрения перспектив дальнейшей селекции культуры и планирования мер по сохранению разнообразия в коллекциях генетических ресурсов.Breeding new crops is associated with a risk of decrease (erosion) in genetic polymorphism. It is associated mainly with the fact that only a limited range of pre-existing cultivars and forms are used for breeding new cultivars. The Russian cultivars of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) are characterized by a high level of phenotypic variability, while dynamics of polymorphism at DNA level is poorly investigated. Such an investigation is relevant from the point of view of the prospects for further breeding of the crop, and for planning strategies of polymorphism conservation in germplasm collections

Morphological and molecular confirmation of the hybrid Potamogeton × salicifolius (P. lucens × P. perfoliatus, Potamogetonaceae) in Upper Volga region (Russia)

The hybrid Potamogeton × salicifolius Wolfg. (P. lucens L. × P. perfoliatus L.) is confirmed in Russia by morphology and nrDNA polymorphism. All analyzed hybrid plants had monomorphic nrDNA ITS fragments. In the studied river P. × salicifolius with intermediate characters grows in more or less flowing water, whereas the hybrid with P. lucens-like morphotype occurs in practically stagnant water. Some range of phenotypic variability in P. × salicifolius is caused by ecological conditions, not by genetic diversity

Fasciation in Pea: Basic Principles of Morphogenesis

A study of fasciated pea Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae) mutant Shtambovy in comparison with the wild type (Nemchinovsky cultivar) has shown that fasciation is a result of abnormal cohesion of axial or other structures which arise in a superfluous amount due to uncontrolled meristic processes. In some cases, the organs with the same number and position as in the wild type can be fascinated. Subsequent defasciation and some features of tissue differentiation suggest that the meristem of a fasciated shoot retains a certain degree of discreteness which reflects its complex structure. The number and position of leaves in a node is a function of the diameter of the leaf primordium inhibitory zone, size of the shoot apical meristem, and number of bundles in a shoot. In the absence of the apex proliferative activity combined with the reduction of phyllomes in the upper nodes, abnormal cohesion of the second order axes, racemes, can take place. As a result, inflorescences of special type develop

Genetic Control of Fasciation in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The inheritance and manifestation of fasciation character in three fasciated lines of common pea Pisum sativum L. were investigated. All studied forms are characterized by abnormal enlargement of stem apical meristem leading to distortions in shoot structure. It was estimated that fasciation in mutant Shtambovyi is connected with recessive mutation in gene FAS, which was localized in linkage group III using morphological and molecular markers. It was demonstrated that fasciation in cultivar Rosacrone and line Lupinoid is caused by recessive mutation of the same gene (FA). The peculiar architecture of inflorescence in the Lupinoid line is a result of interaction of two recessive mutations (det fa). Investigation of interaction of mutations fa and fas revealed that genes FA and FAS control consequential stages of apical meristem specialization. Data on incomplete penetrance and varying expressivity were confirmed for the mutant allele fa studied

Relationship between different fasciated lines of pea

Although data on genetic control of fasciation in pea (Pisum sativum L.) appeared together with genetics itself (5), some aspects of it remain unclear. Until recently, even the number of genes involved in the development of this trait was under discussion: the hypothesis of monogenic control (5) was in controversy with one proposing the existence of two polymeric genes (2). At present, the former seems more probable, being supported by numerous experiments (4). The Fa locus proposed to be identical to that studied by Mendel, is localized on linkage group (LG) IV (2). Nevertheless, a few additional genes are known to cause fasciation: Fas(LG III, 1), Fa2 (LG V, 12), Nod4 (LGV, 8), and Sym28 (no linkage data, 7).The two latter also take part in the nodulation process

On intraspecific variation of Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. (= Pisum formosum (Stev.) Alef.: Fabeae)

The phylogeny and systematics of tribe Fabeae Rchb. are still somewhat unclear. One of the most enigmatic genera within this group is Vavilovia Fed. representing small highland plants with very specific features. It inhabits disrupted areas in Caucasus and Middle East and is commonly referred to as an endangered plant species. Numerous research reports dealing with its morphology, anatomy and taxonomical position (evidenced from results of both classical and molecular analyses) exist (1, 6 and works cited in reviews of these papers). Expressed interest in this genus is evidenced by the appearance of several publications during the last few years (7, 8, 9 etc.). Exhaustive surveys on the history of investigations on this plant species have recently been published (6, 7)

Sym28, a gene controlling stem architecture and nodule number, is localized on linkage group V

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) represents one of the most important models for studying plant developmental genetics. This species serves as a model object for most investigations on the genetic control of formation of compound inflorescence, compound leaf and of symbiotic interaction with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (nodulation). The latter phenomenon is typical for most legumes and is of significant theoretical and practical interest. By now, multiple genes involved in the genetic control of nodulation have been identified (for review see (2)). One of the key processes in plant development is the regulation of stem apical meristem (SAM) activity. Studies on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) demonstrated that equilibrium between SAM proliferation and keeping its volume stable is reached via the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL regulatory feedback loop. Expression of the gene WUSCHEL (WUS) maintains the meristematic condition of cells and activates expression of the CLAVATA (CLVI, CLV2 and CLV3) gene family. CLV proteins negatively regulate expression of WUS thus limiting its expression pool (14). Mutations in CLV genes lead to abnormal enlargement of the WUS-expressing zone resulting in flower and stem fasciation. Genes of the FASCIATA (FAS! and FAS2) family also serve as negative regulators of WUS (5)

A gene for stem fasciation is localized on linkage group III

Fasciation is one of the most widespread abnormalities of higher plant development. An understanding of the inheritance of the trait is very important, not only for theoretical purposes dealing with genetic control of meristem activity but also for practical use. Stem and fruit fasciation is used as an agriculturally valuable trait in selection of many species including pea (Pisum sativum L). The peculiarities of genetic control of fasciation in pea are still being discussed

Germplasm collection of a garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its application in researches

Представлено описание генетической коллекции сортов, мутантов, маркерных линий и рекомбинантов гороха посевного (Pisum sativum L.), имеющейся в распоряжении кафедры генетики биологического факультета МГУ. Кратко охарактеризованы история ее создания и основные направления ее использования в историческом аспекте и в перспективе. Эта коллекция была создана в основном благодаря работе профессора Сергея Александровича Гостимского (21.05.1939–06.11.2012). В ходе работ по индуцированному мутагенезу были получены многочисленные оригинальные мутанты с наследуемыми нарушениями фотосинтеза, хромосомными перестройками, морфологическими аномалиями. В последующие годы коллекция была пополнена отечественными и зарубежными сортами различного направления, маркерными линиями, новыми мутантами.In this paper we provide characteristics of the germplasm collection of cultivars, mutants, marker lines and recombinants of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) stored at the Genetics Dept. of Biological faculty of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The history of this collection is briefly described together with the main scopes of its application in both retrospectives and perspectives. The described collection was established mainly due to the work of Prof. Sergey Gostimskii (21.05.1939-06.11.2012). During his surveys on induced mutagenesis in pea, numerous original mutants were isolated which have heritable photosynthesis distortions, chromosome aberrations, morphological anomalies. Subsequently this collection was enriched with the Russian and foreign cultivars of different use, marker lines, novel mutants