Optimization of extraction conditions and enhancement of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pearl millet fermented with Aspergillus awamori MTCC-548

The present study envisaged two stage optimization of conditions using RSM for extraction of total phenolic compounds from pearl millet koji prepared with Aspergillus awamori. Antioxidant activity was determined by employing DPPH and radical cation of ABTS. In phase-1, fermentation time (5-8 days), extraction temperature (40-60 °C), extraction time (45-60 min.) and solvent (ethanol, 50%; 0.5 ml HCL + 99.5 ml methanol) were tested for maximizing extraction process. The optimum conditions of phenolic recovery were achieved at 8 days fermentation time, 40 °C extraction temperature, 45 min. extraction time with 50% ethanol as solvent, with values of 169.19 mg GAE/g for TPC, 262.7 VCEAC μmol/g for DPPH and 281.86 VCEAC μmol/g for ABTS. TPC were found to be positively correlated (p < 0.05) with DPPH and ABTS under these conditions. In phase-2, a central composite design was applied for design of experiments and model building using extraction time and extraction temperature as process variables for further maximizing the extraction of TPC. The optimized conditions using RSM for maximizing the extraction of total phenolic compounds were: ethanol concentration, 50%; extraction temperature, 44.5 °C and extraction time, 23.8 mins. Under these conditions, 176.82 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compounds were extracted which was very close to the predicted value of 173.2 mg GAE/g. The model was validated at these optimal points

Phytochemical analysis, phenolic compounds, condensed tannin content and antioxidant potential in Marwa (Origanum majorana) seed extracts

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of seed extracts of Origanum majorana was evaluated and correlated with total phenolic content (TPC) and condensed tannin content (CTC). Ethanol, methanol, acetone and chloroform were used to extract bioactive compounds from seeds of Origanum majorana at 45 °С for 45 minutes. As compared to other solvents, methanol seems to be an important extraction solvent, as maximum amount of bioactive compounds (1.18 mg GAE/g dwb) with antioxidant potential was observed in methanolic extract. Total phenolic compounds in seeds were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FC reagent) method. Total phenolic compounds in seeds were in the range of 0.10-1.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight basis (mg GAE/g dwb). HPLC study confirmed the presence of catechin, cinnamic acid, gallic acid and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant potential in seed extracts of Origanum majorana confirmed the presence of nutraceutical properties in them which will further be helpful in the preparation of various functional food products

Aspergillus oryzae fermented rice bran: a byproduct with enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential

Rice bran (RB) is a byproduct of the rice industry (milling). For the fermentation process and to add value to it, RB was sprayed with fungal spores (Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3107). The impact of fermentation duration on antioxidant properties was studied. Total phenolic content (TPC) determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, increased during fermentation until the 4th day. The antioxidant activity analyzed using the 2,2 Diphenyl–1′ picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, total antioxidant activity (TAC), 2,2′-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+) assay, reducing power assay (RPA) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity (HFRSA) for fermented rice bran (FRB) were determined and compared to unfermented rice bran (URB). TAC, DPPH, ABTS+ and RPA of FRB increased till 4th day of fermentation, and then decreased. The specific bioactive constituents in extracts (Ethanol 50%) from FRB and URB were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC confirmed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in gallic acid and ascorbic acid. On the 4th day of fermentation, the concentrations of gallic acid and ascorbic acid were 23.3 and 12.7 µg/g, respectively. The outcome of present investigation confirms that antioxidant potential and TPC of rice bran may be augmented using SSF

DNA damage protection: an excellent application of bioactive compounds

Abstract Discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) solved out the mystery of cellular functioning and abnormality in cellular metabolism. Understanding the coding of DNA resulted in enormous medical growth and helps the researchers in finding the genes which trigger major chronic diseases in humans. Further, the structural and sequential analysis brought humans into a new era of medical industry. The advancement in understanding of DNA could be a boon for agricultural sector as it allowed the farmers/breeders to choose better varieties with disease resistant features. In developing nations where the staple foods suffers with micronutrient deficiencies and stress conditions, DNA modifications and repair mechanism could solve out their problems. The role of DNA damaging factors and repair mechanism plays a crucial role in occurrence of certain disorders. Extracts prepared from various natural resources could either stop or slow down the process of DNA damage. This will help to eradicate major disorders related to DNA from human race. Further on the basis of type and dose of natural extracts, it would ease the planning of diets for patients suffering from chronic disorders

Processing mediated suppression of bitterness causing compounds in ready to serve kinnow beverage

Delayed bitterness in kinnow juice affects its market value as well acceptability rate by consumers. For the purpose to enhance the shelf life of kinnow juice, RTS (ready to serve) beverage was prepared. Further, processing mediated suppression of bitterness causing compounds in ready to serve kinnow beverage was studied. Processing methods used during the study was β-cyclodextrin (2%); lye treatment (LT 1.5%); hot water treatment (HWT); Florisil® (3%), and their suitable combination. Processing significantly modulate the bitterness causing compounds. Combined treatment was observed as best due to presence of less concentration of bitter compounds and higher sensorial score. RTS prepared using different treatments were stored in glass bottles for 90 days and studied in terms of their titratable acidity, pH, TSS and antioxidant properties. Samples were stored in refrigerator at 4 °C and withdrawal after every 15 days with the aim to evaluate the storage time effect on quality and sensorial attributes. Increasing storage time deteriorate the quality attribute such as bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, sensorial scores and other parameters (titratable acidity, pH and TSS) respectively

Rice Bran Oil: Emerging Trends in Extraction, Health Benefit, and Its Industrial Application

Rice bran oil (RBO) is unique among edible vegetable oils because of its unique fatty acid composition, phenolic compound (γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol). It has become a great choice of cooking oil because of its very high burning point, neutral taste and delicate flavour. Non-conventional methods of RBO extraction are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional extraction methods. Advances in RBO extraction using innovative extraction strategies like super/sub-critical CO2, microwave-assisted, subcritical H2O, enzyme-assisted aqueous and ultrasound- assisted aqueous extraction methods have proven to significantly improve the yields along with improved nutritional profile of RBO. The compositions and strategies for stabilization of RBO are well discussed. The constituents are present in the RBO contribute to antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- diabetic and anti-cancerous properties to RBO. This has helped RBO to become an important substrate for the application in food (cooking oil, milk product and meat product) and non-food industries (polymer, lubricant, biofuel, structural lipid and cosmetic). This review provided comprehensive information on RBO extraction methods, oil stabilization, existing applications and health benefits

Unraveling the efficacy of different treatments towards suppressing limonin and naringin content of Kinnow juice: An innovative report

Bitterness in juice significantly affects consumer acceptability as well as its shelf life. Juice extracted from Kinnow fruit becomes bitter due to the presence of limonin and naringin. Therefore to remove bitterness from Kinnow juice, different debittering methods have been studied. These methods include hot water treatment, lye treatment (1–2%), Florisil®, ß-cyclodextrin (0.5–2.5%) and their optimized treatment (NaOH 1.5% + Florisil® 3% + ß-cyclodextrin 2%). Significant effect of treatments on pH, acidity, and TSS (Total soluble solids) was observed. Control (P1) and treated juice samples [lye treated juice (1.5%) (P2); lye treated juice (1.5%) + Florisil® (3%) (P3), and juice from optimized treatment (P4)] were studied for the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant profiles of control and treated juice samples were compared using different antioxidant assays. Phenolic compounds in debittered juice (P4) were significantly higher (94.5 mg GAE/100 mL) as compared to control (P1) (90.1 mg GAE/100 mL). HPLC was performed to check the presence of bitter compounds (limonin and naringin) in control and treated juice. A significant decrease in the concentration of limonin (124.45–57.89 µg/mL) and naringin (2.38–1.26 µg/mL) was observed in the selected combined treatment

Functionality and Applicability of Starch-Based Films: An Eco-Friendly Approach

The accumulation of high amounts of petro-based plastics is a growing environmental devastation issue, leading to the urgent need to innovate eco-safe packaging materials at an equivalent cost to save the environment. Among different substitutes, starch-based types and their blends with biopolymers are considered an innovative and smart material alternative for petrol-based polymers because of their abundance, low cost, biodegradability, high biocompatibility, and better-quality film-forming and improved mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, starch is a valuable, sustainable food packaging material. The rising and growing importance of designing starch-based films from various sources for sustainable food packaging purposes is ongoing research. Research on “starch food packaging” is still at the beginning, based on the few studies published in the last decade in Web of Science. Additionally, the functionality of starch-based biodegradable substances is technically a challenge. It can be improved by starch modification, blending starch with other biopolymers or additives, and using novel preparation techniques. Starch-based films have been applied to packaging various foods, such as fruits and vegetables, bakery goods, and meat, indicating good prospects for commercial utilization. The current review will give a critical snapshot of starch-based films’ properties and potential applicability in the sustainable smart (active and intelligent) new packaging concepts and discuss new challenges and opportunities for starch bio composites

Influence of solid-state fermentation on the functional characteristics of pearl millet starch: An innovative and cost-efficient approach to modify starch

The current investigation aimed to assess how the fermentation process impacts pearl millet starch. Two distinct fungi, Rhizopus azygosporus and Aspergillus sojae, were employed to alter the structure of starch granules. Fermentation led to the creation of pores on the surface of the starch granules. A comparative examination of the fungal strains revealed that Aspergillus sojae fermentation resulted in the highest number of pores in pearl millet starch when compared to Rhizopus azygosporus. The particle size of the starch granules experienced a significant reduction following fermentation. Moreover, noticeable changes were observed in the amylose content, swelling capacity, and solubility of pearl millet starch. An increase in both the amylose content and solubility of pearl millet starch was noted, with values shifting from 14.27 % to 15.96 % and 17.37 % to 20.41 %, respectively. Additionally, the starch extracted from fermented pearl millet displayed a significant decrease in swelling power, decreasing from 15.53 g/g to 13.15 g/g. These findings affirm that solid-state fermentation holds promise as an innovative and cost-effective method for starch modification

Proso-Millet-Starch-Based Edible Films: An Innovative Approach for Food Industries

The present investigation searches for functional and antioxidant properties in proso millet starch and films. Proso millet starch was studied for its physical, chemical, morphological, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, films were prepared from proso millet starch (native) and a starch–ĸ-carrageenan blend. Both films were characterized for moisture content, thickness, water-solubility, opacity, water vapor permeability, and textural and antioxidant properties. The amylose content, water absorption capacity, swelling, and solubility power of the proso millet starch were 19.19%, 87.5%, 15.32%, and 19%, respectively. Compared to aqueous extracts (0.68 mg GAE/g and 0.36 mg AAE/g), the total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were observed to be higher in methanolic starch extracts (0.75 mg GAE/g and 0.41 mg AAE/g). Methanol extracts of native starch-based films showed higher antioxidant activity than the film prepared using a ĸ-carrageenan blend. The water vapor permeability and solubility of films prepared from native starch (2.38 g/Pa·s·m2 and 28%) were lower than those prepared using the ĸ-carrageenan blend (3.19 g/Pa·s·m2 and 42.05%). The findings may be of commercial interest to pharmaceutical and food industries in producing new antioxidant-rich drugs and food products