Effect of FYM, Vermi-Compost, Azotobacter Inoculation and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth and Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In rabi 2018-19, a field experiment using wheat cultivar K 1006 was carried out at the Students Instructional Farm of C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.). The location of the experiment is between 25° 56' and 28° 58' North and 79° 31' to 80° 34' East longitude. The study location was described as having a sandy loam texture, being alkaline (pH 8.19), containing 0.41% organic carbon, 187 kg/ha of available nitrogen, 11 kg/ha of available phosphorus, and 177 kg/ha of available potassium. Eight treatments (RDF-120:60:40 NPK Kg ha-1 as the recommended dose of fertilizer), RDF + Azotobacter, RDF + Azotobacter + Vermicompost @ 3.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + Vermicompost @ 4.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + Vermicompost @ 5.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + FYM @ 4.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + FYM @ 8.0 t ha-1, and RDF + Azotobacter + FYM @ 12.0 t ha-1 were setup in a randomized block design with three replications. The highest plant height at 30 DAS (21.67 cm) and 90 DAS (99.50 cm), the number of total (5.52) and productive (5.15) tillers /plant, the initial (115.25) and final (459) plant population /m2, the spike length (11.15 cm), the number of grains /spike (54.60), the grain weight /spike (2.26 g) and test weight (41.45 g), biological yield (131.25 q/ha), grain yield (56.40 q/ha), straw yield (74.85 q/ha), and harvest index (42.98) were found to be most effectively affected by the combination of RDF + Azotobacter + Vermi-compost @ 5.0 t ha-1.Therefore, the growth and yield of wheat might be increased by up to 16–18% beyond the prescribed fertilizer dosages when the seed was infected with Azotobacter @ 1 packet Azotobacter with 10 kg seed and soil amended with Vermi–compost @ 5 t/ha in addition to RDF

Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Different Sowing Dates on Water Productivity and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

“Effect of moisture regime under different sowing dates of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.)” was investigated at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya (U.P.) Agronomy Research Farm in rabi season 2021-22. Twelve main plot treatments included 15th November, 25th November, and 5th December sowing dates, while four sub plot treatments included irrigation at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 IW/CPE ratios. Split plot design was used for three replications. Under 15th November sowing, all growth, yield, and characteristics rose dramatically. Irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio increased wheat shoot m-2, plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g m-2), yield characteristics, grain and straw yield (q ha-1) considerably. D113 (15 November planting with irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio) had the best net return and D1I2 (15 November sowing with irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE proportion) the highest B:C ratio (2.54). Wheat yields were highest when sown on November 15. Under 15th November planting, water use efficiency was highest (9.85 kg ha-1mm-1). Irrigation with 1.0 IW/CPE ratio had the maximum water usage efficiency (9.34 kg ha-1 mm-1). The 15 November seeding with irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio yielded the highest net return (1,17,124.00), making wheat farming profitable. Maximum B:C ratio (2.54) with I1D2 therapy

Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Different Sowing Dates on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The study was conducted at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya (U.P.) Agronomy Research Farm in rabi season 2021-22. Twelve main plot treatments included 15th November, 25th November, and 5th December sowing dates, while four sub plot treatments included irrigation at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 IW/CPE ratios. Split plot design was used for three replications. Under 15th November sowing, all growth, yield, and characteristics rose dramatically. Irrigating at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio increased wheat shoot m-2, plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g m-2), yield characteristics, grain and straw yield (q ha-1) considerably. Wheat yields were highest when sown on November 15. Under 15th November planting, water use efficiency was highest (9.85 kg ha-1mm-1). Out of all treatments, 15th Nov planting had the highest biological (128.21 q ha-1) and seed yield (51.43 q ha-1) and irrigation on 1.0 IW/CPE had the highest biological (127.18 q ha-1) and seed yield (50.83 Maximum Harvest Index was 40.11 percent with 15th November planting and 1.0 IW/CPE ratio irrigation (39.96%)

Responses of Phosphorus and Zinc on Growth and Yield in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The investigation was taken up at Student's Instructional Farm, Nawabganj at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.) India, during Rabi 2020-21. The 2 factors in sixteen treatment combinations viz., P0Zn0 (control), P0Zn2.5, P0Zn5, P0Zn10, P30Zn0, P30Zn2.5, P30Zn5, P30Zn10, P60Zn0. P60Zn2.5, P60Zn5, P60Zn10, P90Zn0, P90Zn2.5, P90Zn5 and P90Zn10 were experimented in randomized block design with 3 replications. All the growth and yield parameters increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg ha-1. However, growth and yield parameters of chickpea were increased up to 5 kg Zn ha-1 and further increase in the level of Zn does not show significant influence on growth and yield of chickpea. Interaction effect of P and Zn levels on the grain and straw yield of chickpea was significant during study. Thus, it may be concluded that application of phosphorus and zinc proved more beneficial in improving the productivity of chickpea crop. The result showed that application of P and Zn also improved the growth and yield. Phosphorus requirement of chickpea was found more

Prevalence and Correlates of Unrecognised Depression Associated with Common Skin Morbidities among Attendees in a Teaching Hospital Dermatology Outpatient’s Department

Background: The health care providers need to be aware of solving psychodermatological disorders by a multidisciplinary team approach. Objectives: This study was carried out to find the prevalence and correlates of unrecognised depression linked with common skin morbidities among attendees in a teaching hospital dermatology outpatients department. Methods: This was as institution based cross-sectional study conducted during October and November 2016 at Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India among 356 consecutive consenting adults with common skin diseases attending dermatology outpatient department fulfilling inclusion criteria using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results: Among 356 participants aged 18 years and above having one of six most commonly diagnosed disease depression was present among 204 (57.3%), mostly mild depression 84 (41.18%) followed by moderate (23.53%) moderately severe (21.57%) and severe (13.72%). Depression among various dermatological ailments was mostly noted with Tinea infection (66%) and least among Vitiligo and Acnae cases (20% each). In statistical analysis, probability of having significantly increased risk of depression was found among females, illiterates and less educated, perusing household works, from larger families, having lower personal income, suffering for more than 13 months and suffering from itching skin disease, receiving continuous treatment, and having co-morbidities. Conclusions: Magnitude of depression among patients suffering from dermatological conditions was alarmingly high and was influenced by the various risk factors

An Assessment of Growth Media Enrichment on Lipid Metabolome and the Concurrent Phenotypic Properties of <i>Candida albicans</i>

<div><p>A critical question among the researchers working on fungal lipid biology is whether the use of an enriched growth medium can affect the lipid composition of a cell and, therefore, contribute to the observed phenotypes. One presumption is that enriched medias, such as YPD (yeast extract, peptone and dextrose), are likely to contain lipids, which may homogenize with the yeast lipids and play a role in masking the actual differences in the observed phenotypes or lead to an altered phenotype altogether. To address this issue, we compared the lipids of <i>Candida albicans</i>, our fungus of interest, grown in YPD or in a defined media such as YNB (yeast nitrogen base). Mass spectrometry-based lipid analyses showed differences in the levels of phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, lyso-phospholipids; sphingolipids, such as mannosyldiinositolphosphorylceramide; and sterols, such as ergostatetraenol. Significant differences were observed in 70 lipid species between the cells grown in the two media, but the two growth conditions did not affect the morphological characteristics of <i>C. albicans</i>. The lipid profiles of the YNB- and YPD-grown <i>C. albicans</i> cells did vary, but these differences did not influence their response to the majority of the tested agents. Rather, the observed differences could be attributed to the slow growth rate of the <i>Candida</i> cells in YNB compared to YPD. Notably, the altered lipid changes between the two media did impact the susceptibility to some drugs. This data provided evidence that changes in media can lead to certain lipid alterations, which may affect specific pathways but, in general, do not affect the majority of the phenotypic properties of <i>C. albicans</i>. It was determined that either YNB or YPD may be suitable for the growth and lipid analysis of <i>C. albicans</i>, depending upon the experimental requirements, but additional precautions are necessary when correlating the phenotypes with the lipids.</p></div

Molecular lipid species composition of <i>C. albicans</i> cells grown in YPD or YNB.

<p>Data is represented as % of total PGL+SL+SE mass spectral signal normalized to the internal standards. Values are means ± SEM (n = 2). Data can be found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113664#pone.0113664.s001" target="_blank">Supplementary Sheet S1</a>. Only significant changes where <i>p</i>-value is <0.05 are depicted in this figure.</p

Growth phenotypes of <i>C. albicans</i> cells grown in YPD or YNB.

<p>A) Growth curve of CAI-4 cells grown in YPD and YNB medium. B) Generation time of CAI-4 cells grown in YPD or YNB medium. C) Cell morphology of CAI-4 cells grown in YPD or YNB medium. D) Spot assays showing growth of CAI-4 cells grown in YPD or YNB medium at variable temperatures. E) Hyphae formation of CAI-4 cells grown in YPD or YNB. <i>Candida</i> strains were cultured in YPD or YNB medium at 30°C as described in previously <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113664#pone.0113664-Singh1" target="_blank">[11]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113664#pone.0113664-Shah1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. To test the hyphae formation YPD or YNB grown cells were re-grown on spider agar plates at 37°C for 5 days. Values are means ± SEM (n = 3). “*” indicates that p-value is <0.05.</p

PCA analysis of lipid species of <i>C. albicans</i> cells grown in YPD or YNB.

<p>The figure shows the 2D- PCA score plots, where the scores for the first three principal components, explaining >40% of the variance, are plotted. A) Principal component 1 versus Principal component 2. B) Principal component 1 versus Principal component 3. Each point in the PCA plot represents the principal component score of the individual replicate. Data for the PCA analyses was taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113664#pone.0113664.s001" target="_blank">Supplementary Sheet S1</a>. Loading values are indicated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113664#pone-0113664-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Effect of cell wall perturbing agents and protein biosynthesis inhibitors on <i>C. albicans</i> cells grown in YPD or YNB.

<p>A) CW. B) CR. C) TX-100. D) SDS. E) CYCLO. Values are means ± SEM (n = 4). YPD and YNB control datasets are same for the subfigures A–E.</p