Microbiological Aspects and Immunity Response of Bacteria Causing Pulpitis

The oral cavity is a very widely distributed ecosystem in which several hundred microbial species normally cohabit harmoniously. Under special conditions some microorganisms with potential are promoted, leading to inflammation & infection by induced de-mineralization of dental enamel that normally constitutes an impermeable barrier that protects the underlying dentin and the connective tissue situated in the center of the tooth & dental pulp such as pulpitis, dental caries, and periodontal infection. In inflammation of the dental pulpitis the immunity response against oral infection leads to infection and results in a high level of morbidity and economic burden to society

New observations of Tin Mineralization Potential Vis-à-Vis Ore Petrographic, Alteration and Geochemistry in the Southeastern part of Bastar Craton, Central India

The Tin mineralizations occur around the Katekalyan area, hosted in the acid magmatic rocks. The evolution differentiating granitic magma shows residual melt enrichment where end products intruded as pegmatites into the rocks. The different kind of pegmatite occur as simple unzoned, recrystallized (granitic pegmatite), and metasomatic greisenised and albitised pegmatites which emplaced within the pre-existing rocks of metabasic intrusive, granite (KG), granite gneiss (KGG). Sometimes it also found in metasediments as mineralised and non-mineralised characters along the fractures and foliation planes trending N-S, E-W and more frequently are observed NNW-SSE trends. Cassiterite is most important Tin-ore mineral and associated with pegmatites. Some cassiterite samples exhibit colourless to brown shades zoning which indicate multi stage growth. The cassiterite samples contain significant amounts of Sn, Nb, Ta with minor W. The partial melting model shows that the variation 5 to 50% partial melting of bulk continental crust for KG as well as KGG rocks but bulk distribution coefficient for Sr (DSr) shows low i.e. <<10. The upper limit of partial melting of bulk crust estimates ~50 % for KG and KGG rocks are consistent with required rheological, critical melt percentage to leave the source region has decreased granite melt which were capable to mineralised tin ore elements. It is interesting to note that the SnF4 and SnCl4 probably not stable in presence of water under geologically reasonable conditions

Geology, Geomorphology and Tectonics of India: Introduction

The earth crustal growth since its formation still need in depth research is the conclusion of the three International Conferences on Precambrian Continental Growth and Tectonism, in 2005, 2009 and 2013, organised at the Institute of Earth Sciences of Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India and its proceedings have valuable source for advance research published the great ideas and achievements from scientists (Chandra et al. 2007; Singh and Chandra, 2011 and Singh et al., 2015). Therefore, this thematic issue planned for consider of crustal growth and tectonic evolution of Indian shield which include 7 research articles on geodynamic evolution of earth, geomorphology, structural, petrologic, isotopic, tectonic, and geochemistry investigations related to the Indian shield and its economic importance (Figure 1)

Geochemistry and tectonic setting of the supracrustal rocks from the central part of the Bundelkhand craton, India

Supracrustal rocks (mafics and ultramafics) occurs along with banded iron formation, and felsic volcanics around Babina, Dhaura, and Mauranipur linear east-west trends in central part of the Bundelkhand craton represent Archean crust. The mafic and ultramafic rocks geochemically classified into Komatiite and Basaltic Komatiite and have high-Fe Tholeiitic in composition which may relate with the primitive mantle. The major and trace element geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic rocks correspond to hydrated mantle with wedge tectonic sources and ocean ridge geological characteristics

Guanidine hydrochloride- and urea-induced unfolding of Toxoplasma gondii ferredoxin-NADP<SUP>+</SUP> reductase: stabilization of a functionally inactive holo-intermediate

Usually during the folding/unfolding of flavoproteins, an apo-intermediate is stabilized before global unfolding of the enzymes occurs. However, stabilization of a holo-intermediate has also been reported for a few flavoproteins. We have studied the unfolding of Toxoplasma gondii ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (TgFNR) using GdnHCl and urea. A functionally inactive holo-intermediate of the enzyme was found to be stabilized during this unfolding process. The intermediate species had cofactor FAD bound to it, but it showed free movement due to which the stabilized intermediates were functionally inactive. The native TgFNR behaves cooperatively with the two structural domains interacting strongly with each other. The denaturants GdnHCl and urea, at low concentrations, were found to interact selectively with the NADP+-binding domain of TgFNR and to induce structural modifications in it. These selective modifications in the protein molecule lead to loss of interactions between two domains and the enzyme behaved non-cooperatively resulting in stabilization of an intermediate species. Significant differences in the structural properties of the GdnHCl- and urea-stabilized holo-intermediates of TgFNR were observed. Comparison of the unfolding pathway of TgFNR (a plant-type FNR) with that of FprA (a GR-type FNR) demonstrates that they follow very different pathways of unfolding

Cation induced differential effect on structural and functional properties of Mycobacterium tuberculosis α-Isopropylmalate synthase

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>α-isopropylmalate synthase (MtαIPMS), an enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the leucine biosynthetic pathway of <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </it>is a potential drug target for the anti-tuberculosis drugs. Cations induce differential effect of activation and inhibition of MtαIPMS. To date no concrete mechanism for such an opposite effect of similarly charged cations on the functional activity of enzyme has been presented.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Effect of cations on the structure and function of the MtαIPMS has been studied in detail. The studies for the first time demonstrate that different cations interact specifically at different sites in the enzyme and modulate the enzyme structure differentially. The inhibitors Zn²⁺and Cd²⁺ions interact directly with the catalytic domain of the enzyme and induce unfolding/denaturation of the domain. The activator K⁺also interacts with the catalytic TIM barrel domain however, it does not induce any significant effect on the enzyme structure. Studies with isolated catalytic TIM barrel domain showed that it can carry out the catalytic function on its own but probably requires the non-catalytic C-terminal domain for optimum functioning. An important observation was that divalent cations induce significant interaction between the regulatory and the catalytic domain of MtαIPMS thus inducing structural cooperativity in the enzyme. This divalent cation induced structural cooperativity might result in modulation of activity of the catalytic domain by regulatory domain.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The studies for the first time demonstrate that different cations bind at different sites in the enzyme leading to their differential effects on the structure and functional activity of the enzyme.</p

Pre-Trusted Peers Probability Influence on Eigen Trust and Reputation Model Over Peer to Peer Distributed Networks

This paper investigates the impact of peer pre-trusted probability on the performance of Eigen's trust and reputation model in distributed wireless networks. Design and develop models for rigorous Eigen Trust assessment and reputation models. In addition, we evaluate our model from performance-based factors namely: accuracy, resource utilization and energy consumption. Finally, the results obtained from our investigation are suggestive of implementation for real-time distributed wireless applications. our proposal

Cobalt and copper-based metal-organic frameworks synthesis and their supercapacitor application

In this study, two different metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized using copper and cobalt metal ions with benzenedicarboxylic acid (bdc) as a common ligand. The prepared MOFs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. Also, the electrochemical characteristics were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Structural characterizations indicate that Co-bdc MOF is composed of three-dimensional non-uniform colloids and Cu-bdc MOF has a regular three-dimensional cuboidal structure, possessing good crystalline structure. The Cu-bdc MOF exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 171 F/g, while Co-bdc MOF showed 368 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g. The solution resistance for the Co-bdc MOF was 0.09 Ω in comparison to 1.25 Ω for the Cu-bdc MOF. Also, the Co-bdc MOF demonstrated better cycling performance by retaining 85 % of its capacity after 2000 charge-discharge cycles. In contrast, the stability of the Cu-bdc MOF was lower, with only 78 % retention in capacity. Conclusively, the Co-bdc MOF demonstrated superior specific capacitance, lower resistance, and enhanced cyclic stability in 3 M KOH electrolyte system

Optical fiber cone taper tip sensor for refractive index measurement

Optical fiber cone taper (OFCT) tip for refractive index sensing based on Michelson interferometer (MI) has been reported in present work. The fiber tip has been fabricated using chemical etching techniques, where hydrofluoric acid (HF) has been used as chemical etchant and silicone oil as protective layer for single mode fiber. The variation between intensity and refractive indices have been studied for small volume of liquid at operating wavelength 1550 nm and 1310 nm. In addition OFCT tips have been tested for pH detection and time response. The refractive index sensitivity of 9878.28 dB RIU-1 has been observed for sodium chloride (NaCl) solution in water of refractive index range from 1.3330 to 1.3342. Such kind of sensors using optical fiber tips are of low cost, simple fabrication and compact structure with high sensitivit

Regulatory role of pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 cytokines in modulating the activity of Th1 and Th2 cells when B cell and macrophages are used as antigen presenting cells

BACKGROUND: Presence of antigen presenting cells, expression of costimulatory molecules, the strength of first signal and cytokine milieu are quite important in influencing the reactivation of differentiated Th1 and Th2 cells. RESULTS: In the present study, we have analyzed the concerted action of pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 cytokines in the presence of B cells, peritoneal and splenic macrophages as antigen presenting cells and varied concentration of first (anti-CD3 Ab) and second (B7-1 transfectant) signals on the proliferation and cytokine secretion by Th1 and Th2 cells. Interesting observations were made that IFN-γ significantly augmented the secretion of IL-4 by Th2 cells when either B cells or splenic or peritoneal macrophages were used as APC. Further, IFN-γ significantly inhibited the proliferation of Th1 cells only in the presence of peritoneal macrophages. We have also observed that B cells could significantly respond to cytokines to further enhance the proliferation and cytokine release by Th1 and Th2 cells. But not much effect on addition of exogenous cytokines IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12 was observed on the proliferation of Th1 and Th2 cells in the presence of macrophages. In contrast, both IFN-γ and IL-2 significantly enhanced the production of IL-4 and IL-5 respectively, by Th2 cells in presence of B cells, splenic and peritoneal macrophages. Another important observation was that the addition of B7-1 transfectants in the cultures, which were stimulated with low dose of anti-CD3 Ab significantly, enhanced the proliferation and cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION: This study indicates involvement of different type of APCs, cytokine milieu, dose of first and second signals in a concerted manner in the outcome of the immune response. The significance of this study is that the immunization with antigen along with costimulatory molecules may significantly reduce the dose of antigen and can generate better immune response than antigen alone