Emerging Pattern of India's Outward Foreign Direct Investment Under the Influence of State Policy: A Macro View

Emerging growth dynamism of Indian economy in rapidly globalising world is highly recognised and commented by a large body of researchers during the recent period. In fact, the Indian planning has made long concerted effort to develop strategic and competitive capabilities in the agents of production. During the recent periods, these capabilities have started paying. Such trends became more lucid with the strengthening of Indian capital especially abroad as the Indian capital has initiated collaborations and mergers with the global players. This study provides insights into such achievement of the Indian economy. Besides providing a review of theory and practice of emerging multinationals from developing countries, this paper examines India’s outward foreign direct investment in an evolutionary perspective. In its endeavor, the study besides tracing the emerging pattern of India’s outward foreign direct investment, hints at the facilitating role of state policy to encourage the outflow of foreign direct investment.Outward foreign direct investment, Multinational enterprises, Mergers and acquisitions, Indian Public Policy, India

Emerging pattern of India's outward foreign direct investment under influence of state policy: A macro view

Emerging growth dynamism of Indian economy in rapidly globalising world is highly recognised and commented by a large body of researchers during the recent period. In fact, the Indian planning has made long concerted effort to develop strategic and competitive capabilities in the agents of production. During the recent periods, these capabilities have started paying. Such trends became more lucid with the strengthening of Indian capital especially abroad as the Indian capital has initiated collaborations and mergers with the global players. This study provides insights into such achievement of the Indian economy. Besides providing a review of theory and practice of emerging multinationals from developing countries, this paper examines India’s outward foreign direct investment in an evolutionary perspective. In its endeavor, the study besides tracing the emerging pattern of India’s outward foreign direct investment, hints at the facilitating role of state policy to encourage the outflow of foreign direct investment.Outward foreign direct investment, pattern of Indian investment abroad, Public policy

Optimal operation of a three-level quantum heat engine and universal nature of efficiency

We present a detailed study of a three-level quantum heat engine operating at maximum efficient power function, a trade-off objective function defined by the product of the efficiency and power output of the engine. First, for near equilibrium conditions, we find general expression for the efficiency and establish universal nature of efficiency at maximum power and maximum efficient power. Then in the high temperature limit, optimizing with respect to one parameter while constraining the other one, we obtain the lower and upper bounds on the efficiency for both strong as well as weak matter-field coupling conditions. Except for the weak matter-field coupling condition, the obtained bounds on the efficiency exactly match with the bounds already known for some models of classical heat engines. Further for weak matter-field coupling, we derive some new bounds on the the efficiency of the the engine which lie beyond the range covered by bounds obtained for strong matter-field coupling. We conclude by comparing the performance of our three-level quantum heat engine in maximum power and maximum efficient power regimes and show that the engine operating at maximum efficient power produces at least $88.89\%$ of the maximum power output while considerably reducing the power loss due to entropy production

Genetic and Observational Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (GOSH) Study - A UK-wide clinical and genetic cohort study of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

Introduction: Intracranial aneurysms affect 2-5% of the general population.1 A tiny proportion of these rupture leading to aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), which can be fatal instantly or lead to life-changing neurological morbidity in a young group of stroke survivors. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying intracranial aneurysms, and being able to predict which patients have a higher risk of rupture has led to intensive research efforts, via epidemiological, molecular and genetic studies. Our aim was to determine the association of candidate genes with intracranial aneurysms in a large UK Caucasian population. Methods: We performed a case-control genetic association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in over 1600 patients with intracranial aneurysms from a UK-wide Genetic and Observational Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (GOSH) study and 1500 controls from the Wellcome cohort,2 utilising a candidate-gene approach. We conducted a literature review and performed a meta-analysis of the existing candidate gene studies to better determine which genes would be suitable for analysis in our cohort. We also performed a new meta-analysis using our data for each SNP examined to determine if our genetic associations with intracranial aneurysms were robust. Results: We examined 22 SNPs related to vascular endothelial integrity, the extracellular matrix, and inflammation. Two SNPs showed associations with intracranial aneurysms in our UK cohort: the D allele of ACE Insertion/Deletion SNP (associated with vascular endothelial function; OR 1.14 [1.02-1.28], p=0.02) and the MMP-2 C>T rs243865 SNP (associated with extracellular matrix integrity; OR 1.18 [1.04 – 1.33], p=0.012). Conclusions: We found associations with intracranial aneurysms for the D allele of the ACE I/D SNP, and a potentially functionally significant MMP-2 SNP. Both genes have plausible connections to IA pathophysiology (endothelial function and extracellular matrix integrity, respectively), and could potentially predispose patient to aneurysm rupture as demonstrated by sub-group analysis

Antioxidant Potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. roots: In-Vitro Evidences

Background: The study was aimed to determine the mechanism of antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (GG) roots using in-vitro assays.Methods: The various extracts of GG roots were prepared and evaluated for DPPH scavenging, reducing effects and nitric oxide inhibiting activities. Prepared extracts were screened for the presence of various phytochemicals and quantified on the basis of phytochemical present therein.Results: The results showed that all the prepared extracts contained phenolic compounds. Also, extract showed appreciable antioxidant effects in all three assays employed. However, among prepared extracts, ethylacetate extract was found to have strong free radical inhibition, ferric reducing potential and nitric oxide inhibitory effects. The reason for high antioxidant activity in ethylacetate extract could be attributed to the significant amount of phenol compounds present in it. Conclusion: Evidently, GG’s capacity to scavenge free radicals, reducing potential and inhibit nitric oxide contributes to its antioxidant effects and thus, could be a strong candidate for developing antioxidant based drug therapy

Broiler Production in Punjab — An Economic Analysis

The cost and return analysis of different sizes of broiler farms in the Punjab state has been carried out based on the primary data collected from 140 broiler farmers for the period March 2008 to February 2009 in three districts, viz. Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur and Muktsar. The study has shown that the total fixed investments per bird have been highest on small farms, followed by medium and large farms. The total variable cost per bird has been reported highest on small farms, followed by medium and large farms. The total cost of meat production per bird has been found highest on small broiler farms, followed by medium and large farms. The net returns per bird over the variable costs have been recorded highest on large farms and economies of scale prevail on these farms. The meat-feed price ratio and benefit-cost ratio have been found to increase with increase in farm-size of broiler farms, which indicates better utilization of inputs on large farms. On the basis of net present value, benefit-cost ratio and internal rate of return, investment in broiler farming has been found profitable in all farm-sizes, it being most profitable on large farms, followed by medium and small farms. The small broiler farms have been observed highly sensitive to increase in costs and decrease in net returns. The study has observed that broiler farming is a profitable venture and has a bright future in the Punjab agriculture for improving economic status of the farming communityAgricultural and Food Policy,

BER Performance of Alamouti with VBLAST Detection Schemes over MIMO System

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems as a means to combat fading in wireless channels. MIMO allows higher throughput, diversity gain and interference reduction. In this paper, we analyze the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the Alamouti Space Time Block Code with V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) over MIMO system. Basic idea in this scheme is to improve the BER performance of systems. V-BLAST algorithm offers highly better error performance than conventional linear receivers and still has low complexity. The simulated results are based on different modulations, such as BPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM over Rayleigh fading channels. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150511