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ArticleFarmer to Farmer (F2F) extension approach in agriculture is a systematically utilization of community leadership and informal communication between farmers. This approach aims to strengthen the information flow and enhance the agricultural production. As a generic term we use it as ‘farmertrainer’, even though we recognise it by different names e.g. lead farmer, farmer-promoter, community knowledge worker may imply different roles.F2F approach helps in building the effective, farmer-centred extension systems and empowering farmers as change agents for improving livelihoods in their communities.F2F model can reduce the extension cost and workload of extension functionaries in a large country like India where extension worker and farmer ratio is very wide. Moreover, this approaches needs community as well as government support for sustainability and scalability.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableGLOBAL food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. There has been no significant jump in crop yield in many areas stressing the need for higher investments in research and infrastructure, as well as addressing the issue of water scarcity. Climate change is a crucial factor affecting food security in many regions including India. The most important thing one has to keep in mind is that some of the technologies relating to crop production which were found to be innovative and quite relevant in the yesteryears might need refinement in the present context as far as food security is concerned. For example, higher use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides was recommended earlier to attain the higher food grain production. However, after realizing the potential ecological hazards caused by them, we slowly started advocating controlled use of fertilizers and pesticides. The concepts of integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management have attained significance in the context of sustaining soil fertility and environmental protection. However, the realization of crop yields may take longer under these sustainable agricultural technologies. Hence, to ensure food security, the following challenges have to be addressed as discussed here.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWith continually increasing demand for food accompanied by the constraints of climate change and the availability and quality of soil and water, the world’s farmers are challenged to produce more food per hectare with less water, and with fewer agrochemical inputs if possible. The ideas and methods of the system of rice intensification which is improving irrigated rice production are now being extended/ adapted to many other crops: wheat, maize, finger millet, sugarcane, tef, mustard, legumes, vegetables, and even spices. Promoting better root growth and enhancing the soil’s fertility with organic materials are being found effective means for raising the yields of many crop plants with less water, less fertilizer, reduced seeds, fewer agrochemicals, and greater climate resilience. In this article, we review what is becoming known about various farmer-centred innovations for agroecological crop management that can contribute to agricultural sustainability. These changes represent the emerging system of crop intensification, which is being increasingly applied in Asian, African, and Latin American countries. More research will be needed to verify the efficacy and impact of these innovations and to clarify their conditions and limits. But as no negative effects for human or environmental health have been identified, making these agronomic options more widely known should prompt more investigation and, to the extent justified by results, utilization of these methodologiesNot Availabl

Thyroid disease and female reproduction

SCOPUS: re.jFLWINinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe