Software Implementation of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)Scheme for Mobile Radio Channel

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a transmission technique which ensures efficient utilization of the spectrum by allowing overlap of carriers. OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing that is used in the transmission of information and data. Compared with the other wireless transmission techniques like Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), OFDM has numerous advantages like high spectral density, its robustness to channel fading, its ability to overcome several radio impairment factors such as effect of AWGN, impulse noise, multipath fading, etc. Due to this it finds wide application in Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), and Wireless LAN. Most of the wireless LAN standards like IEEE 802.11a or IEEE 802.11g use the OFDM as the main multiplexing scheme for better use of spectrum. In fact in the 4G telecommunication system OFDMA is the backbone of it. This project deals with the software simulation of this OFDM system in a mobile radio channel using the software tools of MATLAB® and SIMULINK®. From this simulation the performance of OFDM system in mobile radio channel is studied. Apart from this we also compare the OFDM system performance with the performance of the DS-CDMA system in the mobile radio channel

Role of distal femoral locking plate in management of distal femoral fracture: a prospective study

Background: Distal femoral fracture one of common surgical challenges for an orthopaedic surgeon. Distal femoral locking plate is a good implant to be used in this anatomical location. Aim of our study was to review functional outcome, union time and complications in distal femoral fracture treated with distal femoral locking plate.Methods: A prospective study was done during June 2012 to July 2016. Patients were included on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. These patients were managed with distal femoral locking plate by close or open method. Pritchett rating system was used to assess functional outcome of patient.Results: Total 28 patient were enrolled in our study. There were 21 male and 7 female. The age range was from 21 to 68 years. Functional outcome was excellent in 14 patient, good in 7 Patient fair in 3 and poor 4. Conclusions: Distal femoral locking plate is a reliable implant for treatment of distal femoral fracture including osteoporotic fractures. Proper surgical technique is key to good result

Dynamization of external fixator is single stage definitive procedure for open fractures both bone leg

Background: Open fracture both bone leg is a common fracture present in orthopaedic causality. Treatment consists of I. V. antibiotics, debridement and external fixator. Judicious selection of the patients on basis of Gustilio and Anderson classification leads to external fixator as a definitive and single stage procedure with dynamization. It reduces the risk of infection at time of definitive procedure and number of hospital stay and surgery.Methods: In school of medical sciences and research, We treated 68 patients with open both bone fracture (Gustilio and Anderson type 2 and 3b) with debridement and external fixator. All patients underwent dynamization depending upon fracture pattern. Majority of our cases were road traffic accident involving male. Average duration of union was 22 to 26 weeks. There was no need for any major plastic surgery procedure. Removal of external fixator and Patellar tendon brace (PTB) was given for the period of 4 to 6 weeks at the time of clinical and radiological union.Results: Eighty eight percent of our cases united well. This reduces the burden of secondary definitive procedure, infection and cost of treatment. So careful selection of the patients and dynamization of external fixator hold the place for definitive surgical option for open both bone fractures.Conclusions: External fixator is simple effective surgical procedure for open fractures both bone leg. Staged dynamization of external fixator add in the better union with functional outcome and cost effective.

Improved rehabilitation and functional outcome with dedicated joint irrigation at the end of ACL reconstruction

Background: ACL is most common ligament injured during sports. Postoperative pain and swelling is one of the major limiting factors for the rehabilitation of ACL reconstructed patients. Cryotherapy and intra-articular bupivacaine injection are few measures to reduce the pain. One of the main reason for pain is inflammatory mediators, by joint irrigation it reduce the inflammatory mediator that reduce pain and swelling.Methods: We treated 33 patients of ACL injury with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction from July 2015 to April 2017. Postoperative pain and swellings were assed with VAS and suprapatellar fullness. VAS assessment done on 1st day, 2nd day and 12th day and for swelling 2nd day and 12th day. We had used closed loop endobutton for femur and bioscrew for tibia. In twenty patients at the end of the surgery we used 2 liter saline for joint irrigation.Results: As a result of wash of pro inflammatory mediators and debris, there were reduced inflammation which reduces pain and swelling. Patients who received irrigation had less VAS score and suprapatellar fullness than the other group. There was better knee flexion on 12th day.Conclusions: Adding up a dedicated joint irrigation at the end of surgery does not deviate from standard surgical protocol. No studies have stress upon joint irrigation. It reduce the pain and swelling by reducing inflammation which gives better result.

Association of aLDFA with functional outcome of distal femur fracture treated with locking plate

Background: Distal femoral fracture is one of the common presentations in orthopaedic emergency. Stable fixation and early mobilization is necessary to avoid knee stiffness with maximum functional outcome. We have done a retrospective analysis of Type 33A (supracondylar) and type 33C (supraintercondylar) fracture with distal femoral locking plate. Close observation done by aLDFA for varus collapse and functional outcome.Methods: 61 patients of Type 33A (supracondylar) and Type 33C (supraintercondylar) treated from January 2011 to august 2016 selected for the study. Functional and radiological outcome of fracture assed by mize criteria and aLDFA respectively. Most of the cases of Type 33C shows some amount of varus collapse specially type 33C3.Results: 6 out of 8 patients treated with type 33C3 treated with isolated distal femoral locking plate showed varus collapse more than 10 associated with implant failure and non union.Conclusions: Type 33C3 subset required a special consideration like dual plating or cortical strut graft on first go. aLDFA is strong predictor of for functional and radiological outcome

Decomposition and Progression of Urbanisation in India

This study, using data from the Census of India for 2001 and 2011, decomposes urbanisation ratio into its mathematical components to explain the causes of changes in this ratio over time. Using statistical techniques, we adjust current urbanisation levels of major states in India according to the progression of towns to larger sizes and estimate Class Progression Indices to arrive at a meaningful discussion on the spread of urbanisation

Dimensions of Economic Mobility in Kerala’s Migrant Households

This paper analyses economic mobility as an evaluating criteria in gauging the nature and extent of improvement in economic position of households having migrants in terms of remittances and extent of economic mobility. Using panel data from Kerala Migration Surveys, we estimate the quantum of improvement in standards of living of migrant households in Kerala through transition matrices and statistical and econometric techniques

Dietary Incorporation of Ractopamine Hydrochloride Improves Body Composition and Metabolic Enzyme Activity in Calbasu, Labeo calbasu Fingerlings, despite High- and Low-Protein-Supplemented Diet

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect and interaction of dietary ractopamine hydrochloride (Rac) supplementation in diets with varied levels of protein and lipid for L. calbasu fingerlings. To attain this, the fish body compositions, digestive and metabolic enzyme activity were assessed. In total, nine diets were fed in triplicates to four hundred and five healthy Calbasu, Labeo calbasu fingerlings, based on ractopamine supplementation, viz., control (0 mg/kg), T1 (10 mg/kg), and T2 (20 mg/kg). The diets were further assigned in different levels of protein and lipid, viz., 35% protein and 6% lipid, 30% protein and 9% lipid, and 25% protein and 12% lipid. At the end of the trial, it has been observed that the inclusion of ractopamine hydrochloride at 20 mg/kg(-1) of basal diet significantly (p 0.05) digestive enzyme activity, viz., amylase, lipase, and protease activity in the fed fish. Conclusively, it implies that adding ractopamine hydrochloride at 20 mg/kg of basal diet (high and low protein content) enhances the whole-body protein content and improves the metabolic enzyme activity in L. calbasu fingerlings. Hence, ractopamine hydrochloride has a beneficial effect in L. calbasu fingerlings and would be a desirable feed supplement for this new species culture system

Effect of Teetering Pulp Density in Floatex Density Separator - A Case Study

The combination of gravity separators like air/wind/wet tables and spirals were used in multistages for the separation of heavier minerals such as monazite, zircon etc. from other minerals such as sillimanite, quartz etc. The introduction of modified commercially available hind-ered settling separators, like floated density/cross flow separators have revolutionized the separation techniques and simplified the earlier complicated process flow sheet. This paper deals with the use of such equipments and some experimental results on separation of fine sillimanite and quartz from the zircon rich fraction which was difficult to separate using conventional gravity concentrators

Different techniques utilized for characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized using biological agents: A review

Nanobiotechnology, an emerging stream, is an amalgamation of nanotechnology and biology. It involves synthesis of metallic nanoparticles mediated by biological materials of both plant and animal origins. The biological process of synthesis of nanoparticles is ecofriendly, requires less labor, and has many unique properties, derived from the biological matter used in their synthesis. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has to be followed by the characterization for different properties such as size, shape, capping materials, stability etc, which helps in clearly defining the synthesized nanoparticles on the basis of the observied properties. Keeping our past works, synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles in the background, we have reviewed different techniques utilized for characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized using biological agents. This review will serve as a comprehensive guide, assisting in better understanding techniques for characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized using biological agents