Image Enhancement using Guided Filter for under Exposed Images

Image enhancement becomes an important step to improve the quality of image and change in the appearance of the image in such a way that either a human or a machine can fetch certain information from the image after a change. Due to low contrast images it becomes very difficult to get any information out of it. In today’s digital world of imaging image enhancement is a very useful in various applications ranging from electronics printing to recognition. For highly underexposed region, intensity bin are present in darken region that’s by such images lacks in saturation and suffers from low intensity. Power law transformation provides solution to this problem. It enhances the brightness so as image at least becomes visible. To modify the intensity level histogram equalization can be used. In this we can apply cumulative density function and probabilistic density function so as to divide the image into sub images. In proposed approach to provide betterment in results guided filter has been applied to images after equalization so that we can get better Entropy rate and Coefficient of correlation can be improved with previously available techniques. The guided filter is derived from local linear model. The guided filter computes the filtering output by considering the content of guidance image, which can be the image itself or other targeted image

Comparative study of nitroglycerin dermal patch versus nifedipine in the management of preterm labour

Background: The aim of present study was to compare the effect of nitroglycerin dermal patch and nifedipine for taking control of preterm labor (tocolysis) and to find the safer drug for mother and foetus.Methods: Women with signs and symptoms of preterm labor between gestational ages 26-37 weeks were studied. These women were divided into 2 groups. Group A-50 women were prescribed nitroglycerin dermal patch and in Group B-50 women were given nifedipine. Primary outcome of the study was to delay the delivery for at least 48 hours. Secondary outcomes were gestational age at the time of delivery, prolongation of labor, effect on neonate and adverse effects.Results: Both groups were comparable regarding cervical effacement in cm and gestational age in weeks at the time of enrollment. Gestational age at the time of delivery in weeks (p 0.05), neonatal Apgar score at 5 minutes (p < 0.05), neonatal weight in kg (p < 0.05) and foetal outcomes were better in nifedipine group in comparison to nitroglycerin. The overall side effects were less in nifedipine group as compared to nitroglycerin group. Overall success rate was 88% with nifedipine and 76% in nitroglycerin cases.Conclusions: Both the drugs were able to postpone the delivery for 48 hours. Nifedipine was found to be superior to nitroglycerin dermal patch in prolongation of gestational age at the time of delivery, in perinatal outcome and maternal acceptance

Estimation of uncertainty of effective area of a pneumatic pressure reference standard using Monte Carlo method

The current paper presents a comparative investigation of the experimental as well as simulated evaluation of effective area and the associated uncertainties, of a pneumatic pressure reference standard (NPLI-4) of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, India, (NPLI). The experimental evaluation has been compared to the simulated estimation of the effective area obtained through Monte Carlo method (MCM). The Monte Carlo method has been applied by taking fixed number of trials (FMCM) and also by trials chosen adaptively (AMCM). The measurement uncertainties have been calculated using the conventional method, i.e., law of propagation of uncertainty (LPU) as well as MCM. Experimentally, the NPLI-4 has cross-floated against our newly established pneumatic primary pressure standard (NPLI-P10), which is a large diameter piston gauge. An excellent agreement in effective area and measurement uncertainty has been observed between these approaches

Monte carlo method for evaluation of uncertainty of measurement in brinell hardness scale

Though method based on law of propagation of uncertainty (LPU), described in GUM, is widely used as an international method for estimation of the uncertainty associated with measurements, JCGM through supplement JCGM 101:2008, which deals with the propagation of distributions, recommends the application of Monte Carlo method (MCM) to evaluate the uncertainty of measurement as an alternative method to LPU. In MCM approach, probability distribution function of measurand has been determined by assigning appropriate probability distribution of the input quantities. In the present paper, effort has been made to discuss the procedure for the application of MCM for computing the uncertainty of measurement of hardness blocks, which have been calibrated by Brinell hardness machine and observations have been recorded. A comparison of the findings of the LPU and MCM has been made, which shows good agreement between the two methodologies adopted. The paper attempts to highlights the MCM for uncertainty of measurement evalution and its implications in this regard. The paper thrusts upon the practical viability of MCM in similar applications and reliability of method have been discussed and presented

Revealing the benefits of Entropy weights method for multi-objective optimization in machining operations : a critical review

Machining operation optimization improves the quality of the product, reduces cost, enhances overall efficiency by reducing human error, and enables consistent and efficient operation. It is a vital decision-making process and achieves the best solution within constraints. It reduces reliance on machine-tool technicians and handbooks to identify cutting parameters, as a lack of awareness of the optimal combination of machining parameters leads to several machining inefficiencies. Subsequently, the optimization of the machining process is more useful for units of production, particularly machining units. In multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems, weights of importance are assigned, mostly identical. But, nowadays, the weights assignment techniques have received a lot of consideration from the professionals and researchers in MOO problems. Various techniques are developed to assign weights of significance to responses in MOO. The Entropy weights method (EWM) continues to work pleasingly across diverse machining operations to allocate objective weights. In this paper, a literature review is conducted to classify the articles on EWM applications in machining operations. The categorization proposal for the EWM reviews included 65 academic articles from different journals, books, and conferences since the year 2009. The EWM applications were separated into 18 categories of conventional and non-conventional machining operations. The implementation procedure of EWM is presented with an example along with method development. Scholarly articles in the EWM applications are further inferred based on (1) implementation of EWM in different machining operations, (2) MOO methods used with entropy weights in machining operations, (3) application of entropy weights by citation index and publication year, and (4) entropy weights applications in other fields. The review paper provided constructive insight into the EWM applications and ended with suggestions for further research in machining and different areas

Collaborative Design of a Business Jet Family Using the AGILE 4.0 MBSE Environment

This paper presents the collaborative model-based design of a business jet family. In family design, a trade-off is made between aircraft performance, reducing fuel burn, and commonality, reducing manufacturing costs. The family is designed using Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methods developed in the AGILE 4.0 project. The EC-funded AGILE 4.0 project extends the scope of the preliminary aircraft design process to also include systems engineering phases and new design domains like manufacturing, maintenance, and certification. Stakeholders, needs, requirements, and architecture models of the business jet family are presented. Then, the collaborative Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) capabilities are used to integrate various aircraft design disciplines, including overall aircraft design, onboard systems design, wing structural sizing, tailplane sizing, mission analysis, and cost estimation. Decisions regarding the degree of commonality are implemented by optionally fixing the design of a shared component when sizing an aircraft

Collaborative Design of a Business Jet Family Using the AGILE 4.0 MBSE Environment

This paper presents the collaborative model-based design of a business jet family. In family design, a trade-off is made between aircraft performance, reducing fuel burn, and commonality, reducing manufacturing costs. The family is designed using Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methods developed in the AGILE 4.0 project. The EC-funded AGILE 4.0 project extends the scope of the preliminary aircraft design process to also include systems engineering phases and new design domains like manufacturing, maintenance, and certification. Stakeholders, needs, requirements, and architecture models of the business jet family are presented. Then, the collaborative Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) capabilities are used to integrate various aircraft design disciplines, including overall aircraft design, onboard systems design, wing structural sizing, tailplane sizing, mission analysis, and cost estimation. Decisions regarding the degree of commonality are implemented by optionally fixing the design of a shared component when sizing an aircraft