Teores de Carbono Orgânico de Seis Espécies Naturais do Ecossistema da Floresta Ombrófila MistaOrganic Carbon Contents in Six Native Species in the Araucaria Forest Ecosystem

Muitas vezes o estoque de carbono de uma fl oresta é estimado com a aplicação de equações matemáticas que utilizam os teores de carbono para um determinado grupo de espécies. No entanto, isto só é possível se não houver diferenças signifi cativas entre os teores de carbono destas espécies. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa analisar estatisticamente os teores de carbono de seis espécies nativas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, na região sul do estado do Paraná. Foram feitas análises de variância entre os teores de carbono das espécies Myrsine ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. (capororoca), Ocotea porosa (Nees) L. Barroso (imbuia), Mimosa scabrella Benth. (bracatinga), Styrax leprosus Hook & Arn. (carne-de-vaca), Symplocos unifl ora (Pohl) Benth. (mariamole) e Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (erva-mate) para verifi car se existe variação estatisticamente significativa entre espécies, entre as mesmas partes (casca, fuste, folhagem, galho vivo, galho morto e miscelânea) de diferentes espécies e entre diferentes partes da mesma espécie. Os resultados revelam que a folhagem de Styrax leprosus foi a única que se diferenciou das demais, pois possui um baixo teor de carbono. Em todas as outras partes não houve diferenças em função da espécie. A análise entre partes da mesma espécie, revelou que existem padrões diferentes para cada espécie, mas que a porção folhagem sempre concentra os maiores teores de carbono. Desconsiderando a separação em diferentes partes, não houve diferença estatística entre os teores de carbono quando comparados os valores médios de cada espécie.Abstract The carbon stock of a forest is generally estimated by the application of mathematical equations that use carbon contents for a specifi c group of species. However, this is only possible if there are not signifi cant differences among the carbon contents of these species. In view of this, the present work intends to evaluate statistically the carbon contents of the following six native species of Araucaria Forest, from Southern Paraná State, Brazil, Myrsine ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Ocotea porosa (Nees) L. Barroso, Mimosa scabrella Benth., Styrax leprosus Hook & Arn, Symplocos unifl ora (Pohl) Benth. and Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. The objective is to verify if there is statistically signifi cant variation among the species and among the same parts (bark, bole, foliage, life branch, dead branch and miscellany) of different species and among the different parts of the same species. The results reveal that the foliage of Stryrax leprosus is the only one that differentiates from the others, as it presents low carbon content. As for all the other parts, there are no differences in terms of species. The analysis among the parts of the same species revealed that there are different patterns for each species; however the portion foliage always concentrates the highest carbon content. Disregarding the division between parts, there was no statistical difference among the carbon contents when compared to the medium values of each species

Ecology and diametric projection of three arboreal groups in a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest fragment in São Francisco de RS, Brazil

A Floresta Ombrófila Mista desempenha importante função social e ecológica na região Sul do Brasil. Embora tenha sofrido um profundo processo exploratório, resultando em sua fragmentação, apresenta elevado potencial para o manejo que, devidamente aplicado, favorece a conservação e recuperação de seus remanescentes. Com o objetivo de avaliar o incremento diamétrico e a dinâmica sucessional dessa fitofisionomia, foram empregados dados oriundos do estrato arbóreo (DAP ≥9,5 cm) de 10 parcelas permanentes de 1 ha cada, remedidas anualmente entre o período de 2000 a 2009, na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, RS. As observações e projeções indicaram gradual redução da densidade da floresta, com destaque para a espécie Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntz., entretanto, observou-se tendência de aumento na densidade da família Lauraceae. O período de meia vida estimado para a floresta foi de 97 anos e, para Araucaria angustifolia, 332 anos. As estimativas ainda sugerem que, em 71 anos, as espécies de Lauraceae devem duplicar sua densidade. O crescimento da floresta foi inferior ao da família Lauraceae (= 0,175 cm/ano e = 0,179 cm/ano, respectivamente) e a Araucaria angustifolia manteve o menor crescimento (= 0,159 cm/ano). As análises indicaram um avanço sucessional, com a gradual substituição da Araucaria angustifolia por espécies com maior adaptação às condições de equilíbrio.Palavras-chave: Família Lauraceae; Floresta com Araucária; sucessão florestal. AbstractEcology and diametric projection of three arboreal groups in a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest fragment in São Francisco de RS, Brazil. The Mixed Ombrophylous Forest performs an important social and ecological function in southern Brazil. Although it has suffered a profound exploratory process, resulting in their fragmentation, it has a high potential for management that, properly applied, promotes conservation and recovery of their remains. In order to assess the increment in diameter and dynamics of phytophisiognomy, this research used data from the tree strata (DBH≥9.5 cm) of 10 permanent plots of 1 ha each remeasured annually between the period 2000 to 2009 in São Francisco de Paula National Forest, RS, Brazil. The observations and projections indicate a gradual reduction in the forest density, showing up Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze species, however, for the Lauraceae species, there was a tendency of increase. The period of half-life estimated for the forest was 97 years and for Araucaria angustifolia, 332 years. The estimates also suggested that in 71 years, the Lauraceae should double its density. The forest growth was lower than that observed in the Lauraceae (=0.175 cm/year and =0.179 cm/year, respectively) and Araucaria angustifolia maintained the lowest growth (=0.159 cm/year). The analysis indicated a positive advance, with the gradual replacement of Araucaria angustifolia by other species with greater adaptation to the successional conditions. Keywords: Araucaria Forest; Lauraceae family; forest succession. AbstractThe Mixed Ombrophylous Forest performs an important social and ecological function in southern Brazil. Although it has suffered a profound exploratory process, resulting in their fragmentation, it has a high potential for management that, properly applied, promotes conservation and recovery of their remains. In order to assess the increment in diameter and dynamics of phytophisiognomy, this research used data from the tree strata (DBH≥9.5 cm) of 10 permanent plots of 1 ha each remeasured annually between the period 2000 to 2009 in São Francisco de Paula National Forest, RS, Brazil. The observations and projections indicate a gradual reduction in the forest density, showing up Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze species, however, for the Lauraceae species, there was a tendency of increase. The period of half-life estimated for the forest was 97 years and for Araucaria angustifolia, 332 years. The estimates also suggested that in 71 years, the Lauraceae should double its density. The forest growth was lower than that observed in the Lauraceae (=0.175 cm/year and =0.179 cm/year, respectively) and Araucaria angustifolia maintained the lowest growth (=0.159 cm/year). The analysis indicated a positive advance, with the gradual replacement of Araucaria angustifolia by other species with greater adaptation to the successional conditions. Keywords: Araucaria Forest; Lauraceae family; forest succession.

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Teores de Carbono Orgânico de Seis Espécies Naturais do Ecossistema da Floresta Ombrófi la Mista / Organic Carbon Contents in Six Native Species in the Araucaria Forest Ecosystem

Muitas vezes o estoque de carbono de uma floresta é estimado com a aplicação de equações matemáticas que utilizam os teores de carbono para um determinado grupo de espécies. No entanto, isto só é possível se não houver diferenças significativas entre os teores de carbono destas espécies. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa analisar estatisticamente os teores de carbono de seis espécies nativas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, na região sul do estado do Paraná. Foram feitas análises de variância entre os teores de carbono das espécies Myrsine ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. (capororoca), Ocotea porosa (Nees) L. Barroso (imbuia), Mimosa scabrella Benth. (bracatinga), Styrax leprosus Hook & Arn. (carne-de-vaca), Symplocos unifl ora (Pohl) Benth. (mariamole) e Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (erva-mate) para verificar se existe variação estatisticamente significativa entre espécies, entre as mesmas partes (casca, fuste, folhagem, galho vivo, galho morto e miscelânea) de diferentes espécies e entre diferentes partes da mesma espécie. Os resultados revelam que a folhagem de Styrax leprosus foi à única que se diferenciou das demais, pois possui um baixo teor de carbono. Em todas as outras partes não houve diferenças em função da espécie. A análise entre partes da mesma espécie, revelou que existem padrões diferentes para cada espécie, mas que a porção folhagem sempre concentra os maiores teores de carbono. Desconsiderando a separação em diferentes partes, não houve diferença estatística entre os teores de carbono quando comparados os valores médios de cada espécie

Visão dos graduandos do curso de Fonoaudiologia acerca da Fonoaudiologia Educacional a partir de suas experiências teórico-práticas

RESUMO Objetivo: discutir, sob a ótica dos graduandos de alguns cursos de Fonoaudiologia do Brasil, sua percepção acerca das ações fonoaudiológicas voltada à educação, bem como verificar o conhecimento e as experiências teórico/práticas que estes estudantes tiveram durante seus cursos de graduação em Fonoaudiologia. Métodos: 78 acadêmicos do último ano do curso de graduação em Fonoaudiologia, pertencentes a cinco diferentes universidades brasileiras responderam a um questionário com perguntas abertas sobre sua formação com enfoque na Fonoaudiologia Educacional. Resultados: a maior parte dos acadêmicos percebe que seus cursos propiciaram conhecimentos acerca da Fonoaudiologia Educacional, sendo que 27,63% relataram que os conhecimentos adquiridos partem de um viés clínico e apenas 14,47% dos graduandos apresentaram um conhecimento voltado para uma atuação fonoaudiológica que preconize a promoção da linguagem e do aprender. Quanto à função que deve ser exercida pelos fonoaudiólogos educacionais, 43,59 % citaram a atuação clínica, 25,64% relatam que a função que devem exercer é de promoção da linguagem e 14,10% citaram as duas formas de atuação. Conclusão: pode-se perceber por meio dos relatos de graduandos em Fonoaudiologia que os cursos de graduação nesta área ainda tendem a discutir a Fonoaudiologia Educacional apenas sob um enfoque clínico dentro da escola. Apesar disso, já se percebe uma minoria que discorre a respeito da atuação do fonoaudiólogo educacional por meio de ações de promoção da linguagem e da educação

A SIMPLE SQUARE-WAVE VOLTAMMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SCOPOLAMINE IN PHARMACEUTICALS USING A BORON-DOPED DIAMOND ELECTRODE

A simple procedure is described for the determination of scopolamine by square-wave voltammetry using a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that the oxidation of scopolamine is irreversible at a peak potential of 1.59 V (vs. Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L-1 KCl)) in a 0.50 mol L-1 sulfuric acid solution. Under optimized conditions, the analytical curve obtained was linear (r = 0.9996) for the scopolamine concentration range of 1.0 to 110 µmol L-1, with a detection limit of 0.84 µmol L-1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of scopolamine in pharmaceutical formulations with minimum sample preparation

Undergraduates and educational speech language pathology | 199 Rev. CEFAC

ABSTRACT Purpose: this study aims to discuss speech language pathology graduates views about educational speech language pathology actions, as well to verify the knowledge and the theoretical and practical experiences acquired during their graduation course. Methods: 78 graduates from speech language therapy last year graduation course participated in this study. They belong to five Brazilian universities and answered a questionnaire with open questions about their formation emphathizing speech language pathology in the educational context. Results: most graduates students understand that their graduation courses propitiate knowledge about speech language pathology in the educational context, 27,63% related that this knowledge represent a clinical perspective and 14,47% of them related that they receive during the graduation course informations about a speech language pathology actuation that empathizes language and learning promotion. 43,59% mentioned that speech language pathology function inside school should be clinical, 25,64% related that their function must be language promotion and 14,10% named both ways of action. Conclusions: through the graduates reports it was possible to notice that graduation courses at this area tend to discuss speech language pathology actuation inside school in a clinical perspective. Besides that, it was possible to notice that a minority of the graduates was capable to discuss speech language pathology actions in school through language and education promotion actions. Conclusão: pode-se perceber por meio dos relatos de graduandos em Fonoaudiologia que os cursos de graduação nesta área ainda tendem a discutir a Fonoaudiologia Educacional apenas sob um enfoque clínico dentro da escola. Apesar disso, já se percebe uma minoria que discorre a respeito da atuação do fonoaudiólogo educacional por meio de ações de promoção da linguagem e da educação