Do CCT Programmes Work in Low-Income Countries?

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes have worked fairly well in large upper middle-income countries such as Brazil and Mexico. But this does not mean that the CCT model can be exported to all countries, especially the poorest. As the table shows, programmes in low-income countries are reaching a much smaller share of their population and of the extremely poor. The number of beneficiaries of CCT programmes in Brazil and Mexico is larger than the number of the extremely poor, whereas in Nicaragua the beneficiaries are equivalent to 7.8 per cent of the extremely poor population. Low-income countries also have a much more limited capacity to spend on these programmes. For instance, Mexico invests 0.44 per cent of its GDP and 4.3 per cent of total social spending in CCTs, while Honduras invests 0.02 per cent of GDP and 0.2 per cent of social spending. (...)Do CCT Programmes Work in Low-Income Countries?

A long neck principle for Riemannian spin manifolds with positive scalar curvature

We develop index theory on compact Riemannian spin manifolds with boundary in the case when the topological information is encoded by bundles which are supported away from the boundary. As a first application, we establish a "long neck principle" for a compact Riemannian spin $n$-manifold with boundary $X$, stating that if $\textrm{scal}(X)\geq n(n-1)$ and there is a nonzero degree map into the sphere $f\colon X\to S^n$ which is strictly area decreasing, then the distance between the support of $\textrm{d} f$ and the boundary of $X$ is at most $\pi/n$. This answers, in the spin setting and for strictly area decreasing maps, a question recently asked by Gromov. As a second application, we consider a Riemannian manifold $X$ obtained by removing $k$ pairwise disjoint embedded $n$-balls from a closed spin $n$-manifold $Y$. We show that if $\textrm{scal}(X)>\sigma>0$ and $Y$ satisfies a certain condition expressed in terms of higher index theory, then the radius of a geodesic collar neighborhood of $\partial X$ is at most $\pi \sqrt{(n-1)/(n\sigma)}$. Finally, we consider the case of a Riemannian $n$-manifold $V$ diffeomorphic to $N\times [-1,1]$, with $N$ a closed spin manifold with nonvanishing Rosenberg index. In this case, we show that if $\textrm{scal}(V)\geq\sigma>0$, then the distance between the boundary components of $V$ is at most $2\pi \sqrt{(n-1)/(n\sigma)}$. This last constant is sharp by an argument due to Gromov.Comment: Revised version to appear in GAFA. In Theorem A, the map f is strictly area decreasing, but see Remark 1.7. Technical issues fixed in the proofs of Lemma 5.5 and Theorem 5.2. The inequality in Proposition 3.8 is slightly strengthene

Les Programmes de Transfert Monétaire Assorti de Conditions Sont-ils Viables Dans les Pays à Faible Revenu ?

Les Programmes de Transfert Monétaire Assorti de Conditions Sont-ils Viables Dans les Pays à Faible Revenu ?

¿Los Programas de TMC Funcionan en los Países de Bajos Ingresos?

¿Los Programas de TMC Funcionan en los Países de Bajos Ingresos?

Funcionam os Programas de TCR nos Países de Baixa Renda?

Funcionam os Programas de TCR nos Países de Baixa Renda?

Poverty and employment in Latin America: 1990-2005

Includes bibliograph