A Search-Theoretic Model of Money with Commitment

この論文では,各経済主体が売り手になるか買い手になるかコミット出来るような貨幣の探索理論的モデルを分析する.このとき,物理的には貨幣は何単位でも保有できるにもかかわらず,定常均衡上では必ず貨幣保有分布の上限が存在することが示される.また,その上限と均衡取引価格との関係を明らかにする.また,これらの性質を利用して単一価格均衡の特微づけを行なう

The phosphorylation status and anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2 are regulated by ERK and protein phosphatase 2A on the mitochondria

AbstractBcl-2 protein play important roles in the regulation of apoptosis. We previously reported that the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 was augmented by treatment with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor; however, the kinase responsible for Bcl-2 phosphorylation had not yet been identified. In this study, we identified extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as the responsible kinase for the phosphorylation of Bcl-2. We also found that the transmembrane region (TM) deleted form of Bcl-2 (Bcl-2ΔTM), which was unable to localize on the mitochondria was constitutively phosphorylated, whereas wild-type Bcl-2 that localized on the mitochondria, was present in its hypophosphorylated form. The phosphorylation of Bcl-2ΔTM was retarded by treatment with MAP kinase ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor and PP2A did not bind to Bcl-2ΔTM. These observations suggest that Bcl-2ΔTM is constitutively phosphorylated by ERK, but is not dephosphorylated by PP2A in human tumor cell lines. The phosphorylation of Bcl-2 resulted in a reduction in anti-apoptotic function, implying that dephosphorylation promoted the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2 protein in human tumor cell lines. Thus, the present findings suggest that ERK and PP2A are physiological regulators of Bcl-2 phosphorylation, and these enzymes exert an influence on the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2

Weak ferromagnetism in cobalt oxalate crystals

Microcrystals of diaquocobalt(II) oxalate have been synthesized by the coprecipitation reaction of aqueous solutions of Cobalt (II) bromide and oxalic acid. Chemical analysis and thermal experiments revealed that there is only one phase present. X-ray powder diffraction studies show that this compound is orthorhombic with space group Cccm. Molar susceptibility versus temperature measurements show the existence of an antiferromagnetic ordering, however, the hysteresis measured in magnetization measurements as a function of magnetic field reveals a weak ferromagnetic behavior.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figure