Broadband and small-size 3-DB ring coupler

A topology for a 3-dB broadband and small-size ring coupler is proposed. It consists of fully distributed Composite Right-/Left-Handed phase shifters and a Lange coupler. For the fabricated coupler, the frequency bandwidth is one octave, centered on 1.5 GHz, while the footprint area is 25% compared to the conventional ring coupler topology. The experimental results are in good agreement with the expected ones, obtained by electromagnetic simulation

Experimental results obtained on a new circuit topology of a broadband and low spurious frequency doubler

A CRLH (Composite Right-/Left-Handed) based distributed frequency multiplier circuit topology is proposed. It is demonstrated that using fully-distributed CRLH based unit cells, low spurious output spectrum and flat output power level may be obtained for a large frequency bandwidth. To validate the proposed frequency multiplier, a frequency doubler is designed and fabricated. The experimental results have shown that the conversion losses on the output second harmonic is less than 9 dB and 7 dB, for input power level of -1 dBm and 5 dBm, respectively, within an input frequency bandwidth from 4 GHz to 6 GHz. In the same frequency bandwidth, due to the CRLH based circuit topology, the first and third output harmonics are well filtered

Design optimization of meta-material transmission lines for linear and non-linear microwave signal processing

The possibility to use CRLH (Composite Right-/Left-Handed) cells to realize both distributed wide-band filters for linear signal processing and non-linear devices like frequency doublers is investigated analytically and numerically. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations are performed for the filtering structure by means of a commercial software package and confirm the validity of the analytic results. Numerical results for CRLH NLTL (Non-Linear Transmission Line) obtained by using the Microwave Office are discussed, providing design considerations about the synthesis of such a component

Orthodox justification of collective violence: An epistemological and systematic framework

Using a religious studies methodology, this paper offers a detailed contextual mapping and a structural configuration of how collective violence is justified in Orthodox Christianity. The research design is explanatory, whereby the functional perspectives of doctrine, ethics and worship are all investigated and probed as phenomena of lived religion and orthopraxy. While predominantly initiatory and pedagogical, the paper also proposes a systematic platform for advanced research on this subject, by flagging contexts, themes and areas of inquiry that a researcher might examine in order to untangle the inner workings of the justification of violence in the mind of the Orthodox. Given the ongoing Russian War on Ukraine, relevant samples are drawn from this case. Contribution: This paper outlines the Orthodox Christian justification of violence from the perspectives of doctrine, ethics and ritual and identifies pivotal areas of ambiguity between orthodoxy and orthopraxy