Correction to: "H" for Heterogeneity in the Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes Management

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the authorgroup section. The authors' given and family names were inadvertently interchanged

Third dose of Covid-19 vaccine in diabetes. relevance of good metabolic control to improve its efficacy

Coronavirus (COVID‐19) disease is usually characterised by poorprognosis in patients with diabetes implying that mitigation of the COVID‐19 pandemic risk becomes a priority in patients with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 (T2D) diabetes.1 Despite that COVID‐19 vaccination represents the most powerful tool to mitigate COVID‐19 disease, multiple unresolved issues with regard to the efficacy and durability of COVID‐19 vaccine in patients with diabetes still remain unsolved

Lifestyle Management of Diabetes: Implications for the Bone-Vascular Axis

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: To describe the main pathways involved in the interplay between bone and cardiovascular disease and to highlight the possible impact of physical activity and medical nutrition therapy on the bone-vascular axis. RECENT FINDINGS: Diabetes increases the risk of both cardiovascular disease and bone fragility fractures, sharing common pathogenic pathways, including OPG/RANK/RANKL, the FGF23/Klotho axis, calciotropic hormones, and circulating osteogenic cells. This may offer new therapeutic targets for future treatment strategies. As lifestyle intervention is the cornerstone of diabetes treatment, there is potential for an impact on the bone-vascular axis. Evidence published suggests the bone-vascular axis encompasses key pathways for cardiovascular disease. This, along with studies showing physical activity plays a crucial role in the prevention of both bone fragility and cardiovascular disease, suggests that lifestyle intervention incorporating exercise and diet may be helpful in managing skeletal health decline in diabetes. Studies investigating the controversial role of high-fiber diet and dietary vitamin D/calcium on bone and cardiovascular health suggest an overall benefit, but further investigations are needed in this regard

Blood Glucose Level Forecasting on Type-1-Diabetes Subjects during Physical Activity: A Comparative Analysis of Different Learning Techniques

Background: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a widespread chronic disease in industrialized countries. Preventing blood glucose levels from exceeding the euglycaemic range would reduce the incidence of diabetes-related complications and improve the quality of life of subjects with T1DM. As a consequence, in the last decade, many Machine Learning algorithms aiming to forecast future blood glucose levels have been proposed. Despite the excellent performance they obtained, the prediction of abrupt changes in blood glucose values produced during physical activity (PA) is still one of the main challenges. Methods: A Jump Neural Network was developed in order to overcome the issue of predicting blood glucose values during PA. Three learning configurations were developed and tested: offline training, online training, and online training with reinforcement. All configurations were tested on six subjects suffering from T1DM that held regular PA (three aerobic and three anaerobic) and exploited Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). Results: The forecasting performance was evaluated in terms of the Root-Mean-Squared-Error (RMSE), according to a paradigm of Precision Medicine. Conclusions: The online learning configurations performed better than the offline configuration in total days but not on the only CGM associated with the PA; thus, the results do not justify the increased computational burden because the improvement was not significant

Biomarkers of response to alpha-lipoic acid ± palmitoiletanolamide treatment in patients with diabetes and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) ± palmitoyl-ethanolamide (PEA) on neuropathic symptoms in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and to identify factors related to the efficacy of the treatment. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational pilot study evaluating 49 patients with diabetes and positive Neuropathy Symptoms Score (NSS). Clinical and biochemical variables, including NSS, were compared between untreated patients and patients treated with oral 600 mg/day ALA ± 600 mg/day PEA at baseline (first occurrence of NSS ≥ 3) and at least 2 months after baseline. Number of days between treatment initiation and symptoms' relief and related factors were also investigated. RESULTS: Thirty subjects were treated with ALA ± PEA and 19 subjects did not receive any specific treatment for neuropathy symptoms. Follow-up visits occurred after 98 ± 46 days. NSS significantly decreased in patients treated with ALA ± PEA (5.4 ± 1.3 at baseline vs. 1.7 ± 2.4 at follow-up, p < 0.001), but not in untreated patients (p = 0.164). Subjects treated with ALA ± PEA reported a mean time from treatment initiation to symptoms' relief of 18.4 ± 9.0 days. The number of days of treatment needed for symptoms' relief was inversely related to HDL-cholesterol levels (r = -0.503, p = 0.010) and to eGFR (r = -0.428, p = 0.033), whereas there was no significant relationship between time to symptoms' relief and age, HbA1c, lipid profile and the severity of symptoms at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents that oral administration of ALA ± PEA helps in controlling neuropathy symptoms in diabetes. Moreover, our data show that higher HDL-c levels and better renal function are associated to a faster therapeutic effect, suggesting them as biomarkers of response to therapy with ALA ± PEA

The utility of assessing C-peptide in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Aims We aimed at evaluating residual β-cell function in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) while determining for the first time the difference in C-peptide level between patients on basal–bolus compared to those on the basal insulin scheme, considered as an early stage of insulin treatment, together with assessing its correlation with the presence of complications. Methods A total of 93 candidates with T2D were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and were categorized into two groups based on the insulin regimen: Basal–Bolus (BB) if on both basal and rapid acting insulin, and Basal (B) if on basal insulin only, without rapid acting injections. HbA1c, fasting C-peptide concentration and other metabolic parameters were recorded, as well as the patient medical history. Results The average fasting C-peptide was 1.81 ± 0.15 ng/mL, and its levels showed a significant inverse correlation with the duration of diabetes (r = -0.24, p = 0.03). Despite similar disease duration and metabolic control, BB participants displayed lower fasting C-peptide (p &lt; 0.005) and higher fasting glucose (P = 0.01) compared with B patients. Concentrations below 1.09 ng/mL could predict the adoption of a basal–bolus treatment (Area 0.64, 95%CI:0.521–0.759, p = 0.038, sensitivity 45% and specificity 81%). Conclusions Insulin-treated patients with long-standing T2D showed detectable level of fasting C-peptide. Measuring the β-cell function may therefore guide toward effective therapeutic options when oral hypoglycemic agents prove unsuccessful

Platelet effects of anti-diabetic therapies: new perspectives in the management of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease

In type 2 diabetes, anti-thrombotic management is challenging, and current anti-platelet agents have demonstrated reduced efficacy. Old and new anti-diabetic drugs exhibited-besides lowering blood glucose levels-direct and indirect effects on platelet function and on thrombotic milieu, eventually conditioning cardiovascular outcomes. The present review summarizes existing evidence on the effects of glucose-lowering agents on platelet properties, addressing pre-clinical and clinical research, as well as drug-drug interactions with anti-platelet agents. We aimed at expanding clinicians' understanding by highlighting new opportunities for an optimal management of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We suggest how an improvement of the thrombotic risk in this large population of patients may be achieved by a careful and tailored combination of anti-diabetic and anti-platelet therapies

Trends of glucose, lactate and ketones during anaerobic and aerobic exercise in subjects with type 1 diabetes: The ACTION‐1 Study

International audienceBackground: Exercise is part of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management due to its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. However, despite using continuous glucose monitoring, many patients are reluctant to exercise because of fear for hypoglycaemia.Aims: We assessed trends in glucose, lactate and ketones during anaerobic and aerobic exercise in people with T1D and compared incremental area under the curve (AUC) between both exercises.Methods: Twenty-one men with T1D (median [IQR]: age 29 years [28-38], BMI 24.4 kg/m2 [22.3-24.9], HbA1c 7.2% [6.7-7.8]), completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and a 60-minute aerobic exercise (AEX) at 60% VO2 peak on an ergometer bicycle within a 6-week period. Subjects consumed a standardised breakfast (6 kcal/kg, 20.2g CHO/100ml) before exercise without pre-meal insulin and basal insulin for pump users.Results: During CPET, glucose levels increased, peaking at 331mg/dL [257-392] 1-3h after exercise and reaching a nadir 6h after exercise at 176mg/dL [118-217]. Lactate levels peaked at 6.0mmol/L [5.0-6.6] (max 12.5mmol/L). During AEX, glucose levels also increased, peaking at 305mg/dL [245-336] 80 min after exercise and reaching a nadir 6h after exercise at 211mg/dL [116-222]. Lactate levels rose quickly to a median of 4.3mmol/L [2.7-6.7] after 10 min. Ketone levels were low during both tests (median ≤0.2mmol/L). Lactate, but not glucose or ketone AUC, was significantly higher in CPET compared to AEX (p=0.04).Conclusions: Omitting pre-meal insulin and also basal insulin in pump users, did prevent hypoglycaemia but induced hyperglycaemia due to a too high carbohydrate ingestion. No ketosis was recorded during or after the exercises