20 research outputs found
Control de Sitophilus zeamais con polvos vegetales de tres especies del g茅nero Chenopodium
Powders of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were evaluated under laboratory conditions for Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky control. Evaluated parameters were insect mortality and adult emergence, grain weight loss, grain germination and the following effects of powders: ovicide and聽larvicide, fumigant, repellent and residual. A completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement and three replicates was used. The highest levels of insect mortality were obtained with the powders of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. inflorescence and the mixture of leaves and stems at 2% (w/w), with values of 69.4% and 67.9% respectively. Best emergence reductions were obtained with the same treatments. In all treatments with powders of C. ambrosioides seeds weight were reduced in less than 3%. The residual effect lasted for 15 days, obtaining a mortality of 98.3% of adult insects, when powders of C. ambrosioides inflorescence were used at 2% (w/w) concentration. Powders of C. ambrosioides showed a mortality of 100% of eggs and larvae, and a fumigation effect against adult insects with a mortality of 100% in all treatments was evaluated. Powders of C. ambrosioides have a repellent effect for S. zeamais.Powders of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were evaluated under laboratory conditions for Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky control. Evaluated parameters were insect mortality and adult emergence, grain weight loss, grain germination and the following effects of powders: ovicide and larvicide, fumigant, repellent and residual. A completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement and three replicates was used. The highest levels of insect mortality were obtained with the powders of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. inflorescence and the mixture of leaves and stems at 2% (w/w), with values of 69.4% and 67.9% respectively. Best emergence reductions were obtained with the same treatments. In all treatments with powders of C. ambrosioides seeds weight were reduced in less than 3%. The residual effect lasted for 15 days, obtaining a mortality of 98.3% of adult insects, when powders of C. ambrosioides inflorescence were used at 2% (w/w) concentration. Powders of C. ambrosioides showed a mortality of 100% of eggs and larvae, and a fumigation effect against adult insects with a mortality of 100% in all treatments was evaluated. Powders of C. ambrosioides have a repellent effect for S. zeamais.Se evaluaron polvos vegetales de Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Chenopodium album L. y Chenopodium quinoa Willd. para el control de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Los par谩metros evaluados fueron mortalidad y emergencia de insectos adultos, p茅rdida de peso y germinaci贸n de los granos, efecto ovicida y larvicida, fumigaci贸n, repelencia y residualidad de los polvos. El dise帽o experimental fue completamente al azar, con un arreglo factorial y tres repeticiones. La mayor mortalidad de insectos se obtuvo con los polvos de la inflorescencia y la mezcla de hojas y tallos de Chenopodium ambrosioides L., al 2% (p/p) con valores de 69,4% y 67,9% respectivamente. La menor emergencia de adultos se obtuvo con los mismos tratamientos. La p茅rdida de peso de granos, en todos los tratamientos de C. ambrosioides, no super贸 el 3%. Para el tratamiento inflorescencia de C. ambrosioides al 2% (p/p), la residualidad de los polvos se mantuvo hasta los 15 d铆as, con una mortalidad de 98,3%. Esta misma especie present贸 una mortalidad de huevos y larvas de 100%, adem谩s de presentar un efecto fumigante con una mortalidad de adultos de 100%, en todos los tratamientos evaluados. El polvo de C. ambrosioides es repelente para S. zeamais
Respuesta bajo condiciones controladas del pulg贸n verde del duraznero (Myzus persicae S.) proveniente de distintas siembras de remolacha (Beta vulgaris var sachariffera) a la accion de insecticidas organofosforados y carbamatos
Resumen (Spanish, English)122 p.Los primeros antecedentes de resistencia a insecticidas del pulg贸n verde del duraznero (Myzus persicae S.) datan del a帽o 1965 (Hocland y colaboradores, 1992, Furk, 1976) en Inglaterra aunque otros autores se帽alan que fue en 1955 (Rusell, 1965, Baker, 1978; M陋 Clanahan y Founk, 19839 y solamente comprobado diez a帽os despu茅s. En Chile existen muy pocos antecedentes debidamente comprobados sobre el tema, por lo que se decidi贸 realizar una metodolog铆a de hoja inmersa (IRAC N潞1) para medir la susceptibilidad de este 谩fido, asociado a remolacha en San Fernando, Talca y Chill谩n, a los productos usados com煤nmente en su control. Los bioensayos realizados mostraron elevados niveles de tolerancia a Dimetoato (Dimetoato 40EC) y fosfamid贸n (Dimecron 100SCW), resistencia mediana a Oxydemeton-metil (Metasystox 250EC) y casi competa susceptibilidad a Triazamate (Aztec 140 EW). Se observaron adem谩s efectos marcados de regionalidad por lo que se puede inferir la existencia de una heterogeneidad gen茅tica de las distintas poblaciones muestreadas
Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study.
BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. METHODS: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. FINDINGS: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8路0 years [IQR 4路2-11路4], 1191 [59路3%] male and 818 [40路7%] female, and 825 [41路1%] White). 680 (33路8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34路7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24路2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2路9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4路2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1路09 (95% CI 0路75-1路58; corrected p value=1路00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0路93 (0路58-1路47; corrected p value=1路00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1路04 (95% CI 0路91-1路20; corrected p value=1路00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0路84 (0路70-1路00; corrected p value=0路22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0路15 [95% CI 0路11-0路20]; p<0路0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0路68 [0路50-0路93]; p=0路014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0路50 [95% CI 0路38-0路67]; p<0路0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0路63 [0路45-0路88]; p=0路0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. FUNDING: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health
Actividad de polvo, extractos y aceite esencial de Peumus boldus Molina solos y en mezcla con Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner contra Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) y Helicoverpa zea (Boddie).
Se evaluaron en condiciones de laboratorio e invernadero las propiedades insecticidas del polvo, aceite esencial y extracto en cloruro de metileno de Boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), adem谩s del alcaloide boldina y el terpeno 1-8-cineol (eucaliptol), solos y en combinaci贸n con Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner contra larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) y Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Se realizaron bioensayos para evaluar mortalidad, efecto en el ciclo de vida y las preferencias alimenticias de larvas neonatas y de tercer instar e inhibici贸n de la alimentaci贸n y oviposici贸n. El dise帽o experimental fue de bloques completos al azar con 7 tratamientos y 20 repeticiones. La mayor toxicidad se manifest贸 con el extracto que a una concentraci贸n de 8% tuvo una mortalidad de 100 y 95% para S. frugiperda y H. zea, respectivamente. El polvo y el aceite esencial ocasionaron una mortalidad de 65 y 82.5% para S. frugiperda y de 67.58 y 21.3% para H. zea. En ambas especies, a medida que aument贸 la concentraci贸n de boldo en la dieta, las larvas fueron de menor tama帽o y peso, pocas alcanzaron los estados de pupa y adulto y requirieron m谩s tiempo para completar el ciclo de vida. Adem谩s, la concentraci贸n de 2% de aceite esencial y del extracto provoc贸 malformaciones de larvas y adultos de H. zea. En los bioensayos de elecci贸n de alimento, las larvas neonatas tanto de H. zea como de S. frugiperda seleccionaron la dieta con la menor concentraci贸n de polvo, extracto o aceite esencial, adem谩s de que el consumo fue menor mientras mayor era la concentraci贸n de boldo en la dieta. En las pruebas con posibilidad de elecci贸n, con larvas de tercer instar, al aumentar la concentraci贸n de boldo tambi茅n aumentaron los 铆ndices de disuasi贸n y supresi贸n de la alimentaci贸n, lo que indica un efecto deterrente de la alimentaci贸n. En las pruebas sin posibilidad de elecci贸n, las concentraciones m谩s altas obtuvieron los mayores 铆ndices de inhibici贸n de la alimentaci贸n y del crecimiento y los menores valores de consumo relativo, incremento del peso larvario y eficacia de conversi贸n del alimento. Los bioensayos con mezclas indicaron que solamente en la combinaci贸n de B. thuringiensis-boldina la interacci贸n es significativa, indicando que en esta mezcla es relevante tanto la proporci贸n como la concentraci贸n. En los casos de B. thuringiensis-extracto y B. thuringiensis-1-8-cineol la interacci贸n no fue significativa, siendo en ambos casos de mayor importancia la concentraci贸n que la proporci贸n. La p茅rdida de peso y el porcentaje de larvas que lleg贸 a tercer instar tanto en los bioensayos con los compuestos solos como con las mezclas, mostraron la tendencia de que a mayor concentraci贸n menor peso y menor n煤mero de larvas. El 铆ndice de combinaci贸n (IC) indic贸 que solamente las combinaciones de B. thuringiensis-extracto y B. thuringiensis-boldina en la proporci贸n 1:1 tuvieron efecto sinergista, mientras que las restantes combinaciones evaluadas presentaron un efecto antagonista. En las pruebas en invernadero se observ贸 que el extracto no disminuy贸 de manera significativa el da帽o de S. frugiperda al follaje de plantas de ma铆z, presentando todos los tratamientos m谩s de 30% de da帽o. Sin embargo, en ambas especies se observ贸 una disminuci贸n en la oviposici贸n de las hembras, destac谩ndose los tratamientos con 4 y 8% de extracto, ya que en S. frugiperda no hubo oviposturas y en H. zea s贸lo un huevo en la primera concentraci贸n. Finalmente, los resultados permiten concluir que el polvo, extracto y aceite esencial de esta planta tienen propiedades insecticidas e insectist谩ticas para el control de S. frugiperda y H. zea, lo cual podr铆a constituirlas en el futuro en una alternativa eficaz de control. _______________ ABSTRACT: Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the insecticidal properties of powder, essential oil and methylene chloride extract of Boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), as well the alkaloid boldine and terpene 1-8-cineole (eucalyptol), singly and in mixture with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were evaluated against larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) and Helicoverpa zea Boddie. Bioassays were conducted to assess mortality, impact on life cycle and alimentary preferences of neonate and third instar larvae, in addition to feeding and oviposition inhibition. The experimental design was completely randomized block with 7 treatments and 20 replications. The highest toxicity was observed with the methylene chloride extract at the 8% concentration; it caused 100 and 95% mortality in S. frugiperda and H. zea, respectively. The powder and essential oil showed 65 and 82.5% mortality againts S. frugiperda, and 67.58 and 21.3% against H. zea. In both species, when boldo麓s concentration in the diet increased, the larvae showed a smaller size and weight, few of them reached the pupa and adult stages and required more time to complete their life cycle. In addition, the 2% concentration of essential oil and extract caused larval and adult malformations in H. zea. In the food choice bioassays, the neonate larvae of H. zea and S. frugiperda preferred diet with the lowest concentration of powder, extract or essential oil, diet consumption reduced as the concentration of boldo in the diet increased. In choice tests, with third instar larvae, as boldo麓s concentration increased, the feeding rate decreased indicating a deterrent alimentary effect. In no choice tests, the highest concentrations conveyed the highest rates of feeding and growth inhibition and the lowest rates of relative diet consumption, larval weight increase and feed conversion efficiency. The bioassays using mixtures showed that only in the B. thuringiensis-boldine combination, the interaction is significant, indicating that in this mixture are relevant the proportion and concentration. The B. thuringiensis-extract and B. thuringiensis-1-8-cineole interaction were not significant; in both cases the concentration was more relevant than the ratio. In bioassays with the compounds evaluated singly or in mixtures, as the concentration increased, the number and larval weight decreased. The combination index (CI) indicated that only combinations of B. thuringiensis-extract and B. thuringiensis-boldine in a 1:1 ratio have synergistic effect, whereas the other combinations evaluated showed antagonistic effect. The greenhouse experiments showed that the extract spray did not decrease significantly the S. frugiperda foliage damage to corn plants, because all treatments showed more than 30% of damage. However, both species showed a decrease in female麓s oviposition, mainly with 4 and 8% of extract. In S. frugiperda zero ovipositions were recorded and in H. zea only one egg was observed at the first concentration. The results indicate that the powder, extract and essential oil of this plant have insecticidal and insectistatic properties to S. frugiperda and H. zea control, which could be in the future an effective alternative control strategy.Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias, especialista en Entomolog铆a y Acarolog铆a).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2010.Programa de intercambio acad茅mico de la Secretar铆a de Relaciones Exteriores de M茅xico
Eficacia de Peak Plus庐 en el control de Caliroa cerasi (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
The pear slug (Caliroa cerasi L.) is an important pest of sweet cherries in Chile. It attacks during the harvest and can only be controlled by organosynthetic insecticides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fatty acids (Peak Plus庐) of low risk of toxicity on mammals. The mortality and median lethal concentration (LC50) of Peak Plus庐 against C. cerasi was determined under laboratory conditions using ten larvae fed on leaf disks in Petri dishes. The insecticide efficacy and foliar damage were evaluated under field conditions on sweet cherry cv. Bing. Treatments were arranged as randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated four times. The LC50 obtained was 1.14 g 路 L-1 and LC90 was 2.7 g 路 L-1 24 h after treatments. In the field, Peak Plus庐 at a concentration of 10 g 路 L-1 showed high efficacy against C. cerasi, similar to the effects obtained with fenvalerate and methidathion. Peak Plus庐 at the highest rate decreased foliar damage in a similar way to other insecticides currently used. Finally, we concluded that Peak Plus庐 is an efficient alternative to organosynthetic insecticides in the control of C. cerasi of sweet cherry.El chape del cerezo es una de las plagas m谩s importantes del cerezo debido a que el ataque se produce durante la cosecha y su control se basa solamente en insecticidas sint茅ticos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar un 谩cido graso de baja toxicidad para mam铆feros. En laboratorio, en placas Petri con diez larvas, se estim贸 mortalidad y concentraci贸n letal 50% (CL50) de Peak Plus庐 sobre Caliroa cerasi L. Se evaluaron cinco concentraciones de Peak Plus庐 m谩s un testigo absoluto, con cuatro repeticiones y un dise帽o experimental completamente al azar. Se evaluaron seis tratamientos, incluyendo un testigo absoluto, con cinco repeticiones en un dise帽o experimental de bloques completamente al azar. En laboratorio, los valores de CL50 y CL90 a las 24 h fueron de 1,14 g路L-1 y de 2,7 g路L-1 respectivamente. En campo, Peak Plus庐 a una concentraci贸n de 10 g路L-1 fue tan efectivo en el control de C. cerasi como fenvalerato y metidation. Peak Plus庐 detuvo el da帽o foliar al igual que los insecticidas usados com煤nmente. Finalmente se concluye que Peak Plus庐 es una alternativa efectiva a los insecticidas sint茅ticos en el control de C. cerasi
Polvos de especias arom谩ticas para el control del gorgojo del maiz, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, en trigo almacenado.
El gorgojo del ma铆z Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, es considerado una de las plagas mas importantes de productos almacenados. Se evaluaron, en laboratorio, polvos vegetales provenientes de nueve especias condimentarias para el control de S. zeamais en concentraciones de 0,5; 1; 2 y 4%. Las variables evaluadas fueron mortalidad y emergencia (F1) de adultos y p茅rdida de peso y germinaci贸n del grano. Tambi茅n se evalu贸 el efecto repelente y fumigante a las concentraciones de 0,5; 1 y 2%. El dise帽o experimental fue completamente al azar, los tratamientos tuvieron cuatro repeticiones y el grupo de tratamientos fue repetido tres veces. Las mayores mortalidades se obtuvieron con Piper nigrum L. a 1% (83,4%), 2% (97,6%) y 4% (100%). Las menores emergencias de insectos adultos se obtuvieron en los mismos tratamientos m谩s Capsicum annuum var. Longum Sendtn., Cinnamomun zeylanicum Blime y Pimpinella anisum L. al 4% (p/p). La p茅rdida de peso y germinaci贸n de granos no registraron diferencia significativa. Todos los polvos vegetales fueron repelentes para Sitophilus zeamais y ninguno tuvo efecto fumigante
Propiedades Insecticidas del Polvo de Peumus boldus Molina Solo y en Mezcla con Cal contra Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
The insecticidal properties of boldus ( Peumus boldus Molina) powder
used alone and mixed with lime against adults of maize weevil (
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) were evaluated under laboratory
conditions. Additionally, aeration effects (presence or absence) and
temperature (room temperature vs. 3 潞C) on insecticidal properties
were studied over time. A mortality rate of 100% was observed at 20 g
kg-1 (w/w) of P. boldus powder when used alone and mixed with lime in
proportions of 50:50, 60:40, and 80:20. The 50% lethal concentration
(LC50) for all treatments was < 5 g kg-1, while LC90 was 11 g kg-1.
Mixing corn grains with different insecticidal treatments did not
affect maize germination. Temperature and aeration did not influence
mortality of maize weevil adults. When the boldus powder was mixed with
the infested maize 24 h before grinding, the toxicity to the parental
adults and emergence of F1 adults with respect to the untreated control
was 100 and 0%, respectively. The results were not satisfactory when
boldus powder was stored during 30, 60, and 90 d and then mixed with
the infested maize. Boldus foliage toxicity was high 24 h after
grinding, but decreased significantly over time.Se evaluaron las propiedades insecticidas del polvo de boldo ( Peumus
boldus Molina), solo y en mezcla con cal, bajo condiciones de
laboratorio. Adicionalmente, se evalu贸 el efecto de la
aeraci贸n (presencia vs. ausencia) y de la temperatura (temperatura
ambiente vs. 3 潞C) sobre la mortalidad y emergencia de adultos de
la F1. La concentraci贸n de 20 g kg-1 (p/p) del polvo de boldo ya
sea solo o en combinaci贸n con cal en las proporciones de 50:50,
60:40 y 80:20 mostraron 100% de mortalidad. La concentraci贸n letal
50% (CL50), en todos los tratamientos fue menor a 5 g kg-1 (p/p)
mientras que la CL90 no super贸 11 g kg-1 (p/p). La mezcla del
polvo con los granos de ma铆z tanto solo como en mezcla con cal no
afect贸 la germinaci贸n. La temperatura y la aeraci贸n no
afectaron la mortalidad de los adultos parentales ni la emergencia de
adultos de la F1. Cuando se mezcl贸 el ma铆z con el polvo de
boldo molido 24 h antes de la infestaci贸n con adultos, la
mortalidad de los adultos parentales y la emergencia de adultos de la
F1 fue de 100 y de 0%, respectivamente. Los resultados no fueron
satisfactorios cuando el polvo de boldo almacenado durante 30, 60 y 90
d fue mezclado con el ma铆z infestado. La toxicidad del follaje de
boldo es alta 24 h despu茅s de pulverizarse; si el tiempo es mayor,
la toxicidad declina significativamente
Control qu铆mico del 谩caro del caf茅(Oligonychus sp.) en Cumbres de Huicicila, Compostela, Nayarit, M茅xico
The present study was realized in Cumbres de Huicicila municipality of Compostela, Nayarit with the purpose to find alternatives to control of Oligonychus sp. in coffee crop. The used treatments were: 1) sulfur 200 g路100 L-1 of water, 2) sulfur 400 g路100 L-1
of water, 3) abamectin 0.5 L路 ha-1, 4) abamectin 1.0 L路ha-1, 5) fenpropratin 0.3 L路ha-1
6) fenpropratin 0.5 L 路 ha-1 and 7) control without applying. An experimental design was used in randomized complete blocks with four replications and seven treatments.
The experimental unit consisted of five trees, which were selected from among and five leaves were collected, so taht the sampling unit was 15 leaves, five leaves per tree. Before applying treatments a sampling was performed to estimate the population density of the pest. A week after application of teatments, alive and dead mites were accounted the percentage of effectiveness of treatments. The resulting information was subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey麓s test (伪 = 0.05), no statistical difference among means of mite per leaf was found with analysis of variance. The realized evaluation, one week after the application, showed statistical differences among treatments, so that the best of them was abamectin 1.0 L路 ha-1 with average 0.37 individuals per tree, which represents 96.3% of control.El presente estudio se realiz贸 en la localidad Cumbres de Huicicila municipio de Compostela,Nayarit con el prop贸sito de encontrar alternativas de control de Oligonychus en cafeto. Los tratamientos empleados fueron: 1) azufre 200 g路100 L-1 de agua, 2) zufre 400 g路100 L-1 de agua, 3) abamectina 0.5 L路ha-1, 4) abamectina 1.0 L路ha-1, 5) fenpropratin 0.3 L路ha-1 6) fenpropratin 0.5 L路ha-1 y 7) testigo sin aplicar. Se emple贸 un dise帽o experimental en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y siete tratamientos. La unidad experimental consisti贸 de cinco 谩rboles, de los cuales se seleccionaron los tres de en medio; de cada 谩rbol se recolectaron cinco hojas, por lo que la unidad muestral fue de 15 hojas, cinco de cada 谩rbol muestreado. Antes de la aplicaci贸n de los tratamientos, se realiz贸 un muestreo para estimar la densidad
poblacional de la plaga. Una semana despu茅s de la aplicaci贸n se contabiliz贸 la presencia de 谩caros vivos y muertos para estimar el porcentaje de efectividad de los tratamientos. Para las aplicaciones, se utiliz贸 un aspersor manual de espalda con capacidad de 20 L. La informaci贸n resultante se someti贸 a an谩lisis de varianza y comparaci贸n de medias por el m茅todo Tukey (伪= 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias
estad铆sticas entre tratamientos con base en el an谩lisis de varianza en el promedio de 谩caros. La evaluaci贸n realizada una semana despu茅s de la aplicaci贸n de los tratamientos mostr贸 diferencias estad铆sticas entre ellos, de manera que el mejor fue abamectina 1.0 L路ha-1 con 0.37 individuos promedio por 谩rbol, lo cual
representa el 96.3% de control