Novel optical PVC probes for on-site detection/determination of fluoroquinolones in a solid/liquid interface: Application to the determination of Norfloxacin in aquaculture water

A novel optical disposable probe for screening fluoroquinolones in fish farming waters is presented, having Norfloxacin (NFX) as target compound. The colorimetric reaction takes place in the solid/liquid interface consisting of a plasticized PVC layer carrying the colorimetric reagent and the sample solution. NFX solutions dropped on top of this solid-sensory surface provided a colour change from light yellow to dark orange. Several metals were tested as colorimetric reagents and Fe(III) was selected. The main parameters affecting the obtained colour were assessed and optimised in both liquid and solid phases. The corresponding studies were conducted by visible spectrophotometry and digital image acquisition. The three coordinates of the HSL model system of the collected image (Hue, Saturation and Lightness) were obtained by simple image management (enabled in any computer). The analytical response of the optimised solid-state optical probe against concentration was tested for several mathematical transformations of the colour coordinates. Linear behaviour was observed for logarithm NFX concentration against Hue+Lightness. Under this condition, the sensor exhibited a limit of detection below 50 μM (corresponding to about 16 mg/mL). Visual inspection also enabled semi-quantitative information. The selectivity was ensured against drugs from other chemical groups than fluoroquinolones. Finally, similar procedure was used to prepare an array of sensors for NFX, consisting on different metal species. Cu(II), Mn(II) and aluminon were selected for this purpose. The sensor array was used to detect NFX in aquaculture water, without any prior sample manipulation

Host-Tailored Sensors for Leucomalachite Green Potentiometric Measurements

A new biomimetic sensor for leucomalachite green host-guest interactions and potentiometric transduction is presented. The artificial host was imprinted in methacrylic acid or acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-based polymers. Molecularly imprinted particles were dispersed in 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether and trapped in poly(vinyl chloride). The potentiometric sensors exhibited a near-Nernstian response in steady state evaluations, with slopes and detection limits ranging from 45.8 to 81.2 mV and 0.28 to 1.01 , respectively. They were independent from the pH of test solutions within 3 to 5. Good selectivity was observed towards drugs that may contaminate water near fish cultures, such as oxycycline, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim, creatinine, chloramphenicol, and dopamine. The sensors were successfully applied to field monitoring of leucomalachite green in river samples. The method offered the advantages of simplicity, accuracy, applicability to colored and turbid samples, and automation feasibility

Hydrology, plankton, and corals of the Maracajaú reefs (Northeastern Brazil): an ecosystem under severe thermal stress

This study provides baseline information on the hydrological conditions and on the coral and plankton communities at the Maracajaú reef ecosystem (Northeastern Brazil). Studies were performed from February to June 2000, covering the transition from dry to rainy season. In this area, there is an offshore coral reef formation, where corals were observed in loco; the water samples were collected to obtain the hydrological and plankton data. Six scleractinian species were identified. Stable isotope analysis on the carbonate fraction of Favia gravida fragments showed that these corals were under severe thermal stress. Chlorophyll-a varied from 1.1 to 9.3 mg m-3, with higher values during the rainy season. Average zooplankton wet weight biomass were 117.0 (microzooplankton) and 15.7 mg m -3(mesozooplankton). A total of 136 Phytoplankton and 61 zooplankton taxa were identified. Seasonal forcing determined the phyto-micro-and mesozooplankton community structure, rather than the coastal-offshore gradient.<br>Esta pesquisa apresenta informações básicas sobre as condições hidrológicas e sobre as comunidades de corais e do plâncton no ecossistema recifal de Maracajaú (Nordeste do Brasil). Estudos foram realizados de fevereiro a junho de 2000, cobrindo o período de transição das estações seca a chuvosa. Nesta area existe uma formação de recife de coral afastada da costa, onde os corais foram observados in loco e amostras de água foram coletadas para a obtenção de dados hidrológicos e planctônicos. Foram identificadas seis espécies de escleractíneos. Análises com isótopos estáveis em fragmentos de carbonato de Favia gravida mostraram que este coral está sob estresse termal severo. As concentrações de clorofila-a variaram de 1,1 mg m-3 a 9,3 mg m-3, com maiores valores durante o período chuvoso. A biomassa média em peso úmido do zooplâncton foi de 117,0 mg m-3 para o microzooplâncton e de 15,7 mg m-3 para o mesozooplâncton. Foram identificados 136 taxa do fitoplâncton e 61 do zooplâncton. Forçantes sazonais determinaram a estrutura da comunidade do phyto-micro-e mesozooplâncton muito mais do que o gradiente costa-oceano