Engineering and technology applications of control co-design: a survey

Control-inspired design, as the name suggests, involves drawing inspiration from control theory to design other engineering systems. Engineers may use the principles of feedback control to design systems that can adapt and self-correct in response to changing conditions. This technique is known as Control Co-design (CCD), and it focuses on the redesign of dynamics and subsystem interactions. CCD offers several benefits, such as improved performance, reduced design time and cost, and increased reliability, and has been applied to a variety of areas. In this paper, we present a review of 197 articles related to CCD and highlight the main topics of its applications, such as renewable energy, vehicular and aircraft control systems and communication systems in control. We delimit the applications of CCD in the field of engineering, providing an introductory understanding of this topic and presenting the main works developed in this field in recent years, as well as discussing the tendencies and benefits of CCD. The paper offers an in-depth conceptualisation of CCD. A theoretical example is provided to illustrate CCD’s application in a Hybrid Wind-Wave Platform (HWWP), detailing the interaction between aerodynamic and hydrodynamic design domains and their control challenges, along with discussions on simultaneous and nested CCD formulations

LQR and genetic algorithms: an effective duo for assessing control expenditure and performance in dynamic systems

In this work, a novel methodology is introduced that employs genetic algorithms to determine the optimal weighting matrices for a linear quadratic regulator controller. A method is presented to construct a multi-objective fitness function that allows one to give prioritisation to energy consumption or other performance metrics, such as rise time, settling time, and steady-state error. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we conducted simulation studies based on a model of an inverted pendulum on a cart system. The results show a reduction of up to 30.36% in the energy of the controller and a reduction of 20.27% in its maximum value when choosing to prioritise the energy expenditure of the controller over other performance metrics, without significantly compromising the convergence of the system states. The results encompass an effective way of optimising energy expenditure in non-linear controller designs

Event-based control for discrete-time linear parameter-varying systems: an emulation-based design.

In this paper, we present an event-based control technique for discrete-time linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems by employing an emulation approach. A new condition to design an event-triggering mechanism is proposed, and an optimisation procedure is presented to minimise the number of events. The conditions are formulated in the form of parameter-dependent linear matrix inequalities. A polynomial parameter-dependent controller is employed to stabilize the system. The impact of increasing the polynomial degree of the controller matrices on the number of events is investigated. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated through a numerical example