Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Nanokristalline Dünnschichten : Mikrostruktur, Stabilität und Eigenschaften

The introduction of crystal defects into the microstructure of materials can lead to a considerable improvement of their properties. In particular, the effect of nanocrystallinity and nanotwinning is a current field of research. The present thesis contributes to this topic by the investigation of the microstructure, stability and properties of magnetron-sputtered Ni-based thin films using diffraction methods, mainly X-ray diffraction. The {111} fibre-textured films exhibit a very high density of planar faults oriented parallel to the surface of the films. This microstructure generates a peculiar intensity distribution in reciprocal space which is utilized to investigate the stress state and the planar-fault density of thin films with different compositions in the present thesis. The results of analyses performed ex situ and in situ during tensile testing and thermal treatments are presented. The appearance and thermal stability of an hcp-like solid-solution phase - which can be considered as an fcc-like stacking exhibiting a twin-fault density of more than 50 % - in a certain composition range of the Ni-W system is rationalized by first-principles calculations.Das Einbringen von Kristalldefekten in die Mikrostrukturen von Materialien kann deren Eigenschaften erheblich verbessern. Besonders die Effekte der Nanokristallinität und der Nanoverzwillingung sind derzeit im Fokus der Forschung. Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur, Stabilität und Eigenschaften magnetron-gesputterter Ni-basierter Dünnschichten mithilfe von Beugungsmethoden, hauptsächlich Röntgenbeugung, bei. Die {111}-fasertexturierten Schichten weisen eine hohe Dichte an planaren Defekten auf, die parallel zur Schichtoberfläche orientiert sind. Diese Mikrostruktur verursacht eine besondere Intensitätsverteilung im reziproken Raum, die zur Bestimmung des Spannungszustandes und der Defektdichte von Dünnschichten verschiedener Zusammensetzungen in der vorliegenden Arbeit genutzt wird. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen, die sowohl ex situ, als auch in situ während Zugversuchen und thermischen Behandlungen durchgeführt wurden, werden präsentiert. Das Auftreten und die thermische Stabilität eines hdp-artigen Mischkristalls - den man als kfz-Stapelfolge mit einer Zwillingsfehlerdichte von über 50 % beschreiben kann - in einem gewissen Zusammensetzungsbereich im Ni-W System wird durch sogenannte "first-principles calculations" erklärt

International collaboration to assess the risk of Guillain Barre Syndrome following Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines

<p>Background: The global spread of the 2009 novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus led to the accelerated production and distribution of monovalent 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) vaccines (pH1N1). This pandemic provided the opportunity to evaluate the risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), which has been an influenza vaccine safety concern since the swine flu pandemic of 1976, using a common protocol among high and middle-income countries. The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of global collaboration in the assessment of vaccine safety, including countries both with and without an established infrastructure for vaccine active safety surveillance. A second objective, included a priori, was to assess the risk of GBS following pH1N1 vaccination.</p><p>Methods: The primary analysis used the self-controlled case series (SCCS) design to estimate the relative incidence (RI) of GBS in the 42 days following vaccination with pH1N1 vaccine in a pooled analysis across databases and in analysis using a meta-analytic approach.</p><p>Results: We found a relative incidence of GBS of 2.42(95% CI 1.58-3.72) in the 42 days following exposure to pH1N1 vaccine in analysis of pooled data and 2.09(95% CI 1.28-3.42) using the meta-analytic approach.</p><p>Conclusions: This study demonstrates that international collaboration to evaluate serious outcomes using a common protocol is feasible. The significance and consistency of our findings support a conclusion of an association between 2009 H1N1 vaccination and GBS. Given the rarity of the event the relative incidence found does not provide evidence in contradiction to international recommendations for the continued use of influenza vaccines. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>